Legalizing Prostitution Essay -- Prostitution, Sex, Security

Catherine Smith is a single 42 year old woman with two children. Her job as a secretary is no longer sufficient enough to brood her bills. She does not have a college degree and her job will not cover any part of tuition if she does decide to attend college. One night, while coming home late from work, she noticed women walking around on the highroad counting their earnings for the night. That is when she acquired the idea to become a prostitute. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines prostitution as the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous informal relations in exchange for money. These type of situations occur on a daily basis. Some women really enjoy having sex, so why wouldnt they destiny payment for it as well. Prostitution should be legalized in the United States.Prostitution is looked down on as an immoral activity. Some people do not even consider it to be a profession. It is indeed morally wrong but maybe it is considered so because of social norms. Women who part icipate in this profession atomic number 18 seen as harlots and tramps and a disgraceful member of society. Some of these women are addicted to drugs, they have no other choice but to be involved in the profession while others have been coerced into it. Most of their backgrounds involve terrible role models while others have parents that forced them into doing these acts.Prostitution is an internationally known patronage. Internationally this flip can be found anywhere from Bangladesh to China. It is known to go back as far as 2400 BC. Within this historically and largely practiced trade comes several types of prostitution Child prostitution, street, brothels, private, door knock, Citizens Band (CB) radio, individual, survival, and sex for drugs. Child prostitution is... ...mea reliable, but if fine-tuned correctly and if prostitutes are taken into account then it sure will help bring down rates. Works CitedClemmit, Marcia. Prostitution Debate. CQ Press. 18.19 (2008) 435-438. C Q Researcher. Web. 16 Oct. 2015.Milstein, Susan A. Taking Sides Clashing Views in Human winduality. Ed. William J. Taverner and Ryan W. McKee. New York McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print.Sanders, Teela, Maggie ONeil, and Jane Pitcher. Prostitution Sex Work, Policy, and Politics. London SAGE, 2009. eBook Collection. Web. 17 Oct. 2015.Wurth, Margaret H, et al., Condoms as Evidence of Prostitution in the United States and the Criminalization of Sex Work. Journal of the International AIDS Society. 16.1 (2013) 1 - 3. Academic pursuit Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2015.Clark, Charles S. Prostitution. 3.22 (1993) n. pag. CQ Researcher. Web. 23 Oct. 2015

Edgar Allan Poes Life and Work Essay -- Edgar Allan Poe biography, wr

Edgar Allan Poe was an excellent horror, suspense, and mystery writer of the eighteenth century. His use of literary devices and several(predicate) literary techniques makes this writer important to American literature. This paper will limn how Edgar Allan Poe has made an impact on Society and American literature as hygienic as how Edgar Allan Poe developed the short story. I will also reason and analyze some of his works and techniques he uses in his short stories and poems. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. His parents, who were actors, died when Poe was a small child. Poe was then adopted and brocaded by John Allan, a tobacco exporter, and Frances Allan in Richmond, Virginia (Magill, 1640). Poe was sent to the best indoctrinates because of Allans job. When Poe was six years old he was sent to private school. Poe unplowed studying and went to the University of Virginia for one year. After one year in the University Poe quit school because Allan refused to pay his debts, and he did not have money to pay for Poes education. Later, Poe left Boston in 1827 where he enlisted in the army. Poe served two years in the military after he quit school. After two years in the military Poe was dismissed for neglect of duty. His foster father then disowned him permanently. He stayed very little time there because Allan, once again, refused to send Poe all money. (Hoffman, Daniel)Edgar Allan Poe went to New York City where he had some of his work published. He submitted his stories to a design of magazines and they were all rejected. Poe had no friends, no job and he was having monetary trouble. He wrote a letter to John Allan but he did not help Poe with his financial problems. Four years later in 1835 Poe finally got ... ...story writers all all over the world. Although he had an unusual, unique, and peculiar way of writing he still had a not bad(p) influence and impact on society during his time, up to the present day. Poe s writing has changed the way present day writers write about love, pride, beauty and death. full treatment CitedBuranelli, Vincent. Edgar Allan Poe. 28 October 2009 . Carlsen, G. Robert. Insights Themes in Literature. New York Webster Division, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.Hoffman, Daniel. Biography of Edgar Allan Poe. 26 October 2009 . literary elements used by Poe. 123HelpMe.com. 07 Jan 2010 .Magill, Frank N. Volume 5. New York Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1991.Walker, Tara. The Raven. Canada Ryan price, 2006 Edgar Allan Poes Life and cipher Essay -- Edgar Allan Poe biography, wrEdgar Allan Poe was an excellent horror, suspense, and mystery writer of the eighteenth century. His use of literary devices and different literary techniques makes this writer important to American literature. This paper will show how Edgar Allan Poe has made an impact on Society and American literature as well as how Edgar Allan Poe developed the short story. I will also discu ss and analyze some of his works and techniques he uses in his short stories and poems. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts on January 19, 1809. His parents, who were actors, died when Poe was a small child. Poe was then adopted and raised by John Allan, a tobacco exporter, and Frances Allan in Richmond, Virginia (Magill, 1640). Poe was sent to the best schools because of Allans job. When Poe was six years old he was sent to private school. Poe kept studying and went to the University of Virginia for one year. After one year in the University Poe quit school because Allan refused to pay his debts, and he did not have money to pay for Poes education. Later, Poe left Boston in 1827 where he enlisted in the army. Poe served two years in the military after he quit school. After two years in the military Poe was dismissed for neglect of duty. His foster father then disowned him permanently. He stayed very little time there because Allan, once again, refused to send Poe any money. (Hoffman, Daniel)Edgar Allan Poe went to New York City where he had some of his work published. He submitted his stories to a number of magazines and they were all rejected. Poe had no friends, no job and he was having financial trouble. He wrote a letter to John Allan but he did not help Poe with his financial problems. Four years later in 1835 Poe finally got ... ...story writers all over the world. Although he had an unusual, unique, and peculiar way of writing he still had a great influence and impact on society during his time, up to the present day. Poes writing has changed the way present day writers write about love, pride, beauty and death. Works CitedBuranelli, Vincent. Edgar Allan Poe. 28 October 2009 . Carlsen, G. Robert. Insights Themes in Literature. New York Webster Division, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967.Hoffman, Daniel. Biography of Edgar Allan Poe. 26 October 2009 . Literary elements used by Poe. 123HelpMe.com. 07 Jan 2010 .Magill, Frank N. Volume 5. New York Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1991.Walker, Tara. The Raven. Canada Ryan price, 2006

Charles Dickens Hard Times Essay -- Charles Dickens Hard Times Essays

Charles Dickens Hard TimesMany characters in the fresh are victims of nasty times as a result ofmany factors. These involve the lack of money, the knowledge system,the industrialisation in the area and the social injustices of theVictorian era. The novel is divided into three books sowing, harvestingand garnering. The names of these books have biblical references.Ae ye sow, so sh alone ye reap New TestamentThis means that there are consequences to all your actions, this ideafeatures strongly in the novel. In the first book sowing, theactions of the characters were described for example the matter-of-facteducation system. In the second book reaping, the consequences ofthese actions are described, and in the third book garnering, theconsequences are explored more, along with the final outcome of theseevents.In the novel, Mr Gradgrind causes and suffers from hard times. He is avery rigid character in addition to being a man of fact andcalculations. He causes hard times for others, including his family,with his pragmatic education system. We discover his attitudes toschooling from the very first chapter when he saysIn this life, we want zip scarcely facts, sir nothing but FactsThis concept is based upon utilitarianism. This is the idea thatnothing except useful and practical things are wanted in life, andthis causes many of Dickens characters hard times. They thought theseconcepts would provide the greatest good for the greatest issuance ofpeople but it only benefited the rich, the poor sill suffered. Hetries to inflict this system onto Sissy but he ends up learning alesson from her. Towards the end of the novel he realises that he hasnot given his children what the... ...e goes on to becomea very famous author who was very critical of lives, industrialisationand money all of these are explored in hard times.Finally, Dickens experiences as a child came out in a convincingportrayal of what was wrong with the Victorian society. He was acritic to his time an d from his novels we can learn a great deal aboutthe Victorian era. Many of the characters in the novel experience hardtimes as a result of many factors. Stephen Blackpool is the innocentvictim in the novel he suffers greatly through no fault of his own.He is kind and trustworthy yet he is abused. Other characters such asMrs Sparsit and Bitzer enjoy causing hard times for others. Somesuffer more than others but Dickens uses his characters to explorethe hard times of the era. In conclusion, many of Dickens characterssuffer as a result of numerous causes.

INDIVIDUALS VS SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE AGES Essay -- Essays Papers

INDIVIDUALS VS SOCIETY IN THE MIDDLE AGES The feudal society of the affection Ages, from 300 AD 1300AD, created instability that resulted in civil wars and the Crusades. This culture is what caused the changes and development of individuals and their society. feudalism was a type of government in which political power was treated as a private possession and was divided between many manufacturers during the Middle Ages. Only nobles were to rule until knights could build up lordships. 1 Empires were becoming too vast and too complicated. They began to split in half and then subdivide once again without stopping for long centuries until 1300. This brought about a decline in populace spirit. Causes of destruction multiplied with the level of conquest. Emperors became worried about their personal safety and the public peace. 2 Aristocrats took responsibility for defense against invaders. A family that fought for a certain area became hereditary rulers of that area. This seemed to be the best way for them to preserve their wealth, standard of living, and political placement in an unstable world. Kings were losing control, as political power had become private, heritable property for counts and dukes. The weakening of the kings gave the aristocracy the opportunity to gain the service of most knights. The knights were slide fastener by themselves. They had no prestige, no political power, not even much military significance. They had to have a lord to function effectively and they had to serve the lord regularly and faithfully. Members of the aristocracy gave loyalty and services only when he felt it was to his advantage. 3 Civilization was completely engulfed by the inflow of barbarous elements from outside, partly by penetration, partly by... ...ld 300-1300. 2d ed. Toronto, Ontario MacMillan Company, 1968. 3. gather in Hoyt 4. See Cantor 5. See Cantor 6. Contamine, Philippe. War in the Middle Ages. New York, New York Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1984. 7. Medi eval Crusades. The Crusades. 22 October 1999. http//www.Kent.pvt.k12.ct.us/Department/General_Studies/ contents.htm. 8. See Contamine 9. Peters, Edward. Europe The World of the Middle Ages. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall INC, 1977. 10. See Contamine 11. See Cantor 12. See Cantor 13. See Contamine 14. See Peters 15. See Contamine 16. See Contamine 17. Riley-Smith, Jonathan. The Crusades A Short History. Great Britain The Athlone Press Limited, 1987. 18. See Riley-Smith 19. See Riley-Smith 20. See Medieval Crusades 21. See Peters 22. See Peters

Theories addressing learning styles Essay -- essays papers

Theories addressing carrying stylesThere are several different learning styles and theories about approaching them. Some students learn better through one or more of the learning styles than another. As Rita Dunn of St. Johns University says, A students best modality for learning whitethorn be visual, auditive, or tactile, according to the speakers(Walton,1991). An auditory learner may learn better through hearing material spoken. A visual learner learns better by reading instructions to himself. And finally, a tactile learner will usually learn most effectively when they are able to use models or things that they shadow touch or manipulate. Technology supports these three learning styles auditory, visual and tactile. Animated graphics of computer software support the needs of visual learners. Not unless in a regular classroom can children benefit through visual aids, but also in a music classroom. Amy Casey, a author elementary teacher in the Kansas City school district said, M y experiences in my own classroom have proven that integrating technology into the music syllabus entices students to actively engage in learning (2005). Setting up music centers in a classroom allows students to learn to use technology in respective(a) ways. Children are able to learn how to read music or learn the piano keys with the use of a computer. Students who excel through auditory learning may use technology so regularly they do not realize how beneficial it is to them. Auditory learners may prefer to listen to a book on tape or sing a song about numbers or multiplication facts. These are all ways to reach out to the auditory learner in a classroom. Technology in the classroom also enhances the skills of tactile learners with the use of a keyboard o... ... from the World huge Webhttp//search.epnet.com Serim, Ferdi. Building virtual(prenominal) Communties for Professional Development. www.ed.gove/technology/futures/serim.html Schank, Roger. Futureperspect ive- A vision of Education for the 21st Century. www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/A2598.cfm www.aten.scps.kl2fl.us www.nces.ed.gov/quicktables/details.asp?key1069 Fine, L. (January, 2002). Writing takes a digital turn for special-needs students. Education Weekly. Retrieved April 22, 2005 from the World Wide Web https//www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2001/01/30/20wordte ch.h21.html?querystring=assistive%20technology Walton, S. (November, 1991). Experts urge teachers to adapt to students learning styles. Education Weekly. Retrieved April 22, 2005 from the World Wide Web http//www.edweek.org/ewarticles/1991/11/23/20wordtechh21.html

Theories addressing learning styles Essay -- essays papers

Theories addressing learning stylesThere are several different learning styles and theories about approaching them. Some students learn better through one or more of the learning styles than another. As Rita Dunn of St. Johns University says, A students best modality for learning may be visual, auditory, or tactile, according to the speakers(Walton,1991). An auditory scholarly person may learn better through hearing material spoken. A visual learner learns better by stateing instructions to himself. And finally, a tactile learner will usually learn most effectively when they are able to use models or things that they can touch or manipulate. engineering supports these terzetto learning styles auditory, visual and tactile. Animated graphics of computer software support the needs of visual learners. Not just in a regular schoolroom can children benefit through visual aids, but also in a music classroom. Amy Casey, a former elementary teacher in the Kansas urban center school di strict said, My experiences in my own classroom have proven that integrating technology into the music curriculum entices students to actively engage in learning (2005). Setting up music centers in a classroom allows students to learn to use technology in various ways. Children are able to learn how to read music or learn the piano keys with the use of a computer. Students who excel through auditory learning may use technology so regularly they do not realize how beneficial it is to them. Auditory learners may prefer to listen to a book on tape or sing a song about numbers or multiplication facts. These are all ways to reach out to the auditory learner in a classroom. Technology in the classroom also enhances the skills of tactile learners with the use of a keyboard o... ... from the World Wide Webhttp//search.epnet.com Serim, Ferdi. Building Virtual Communties for Professional Development. www.ed.gove/technology/futures/serim.html Schank, Roger. Futureperspective- A pile of Education for the 21st Century. www.thejournal.com/magazine/vault/A2598.cfm www.aten.scps.kl2fl.us www.nces.ed.gov/quicktables/details.asp?key1069 Fine, L. (January, 2002). Writing takes a digital turn for special-needs students. Education Weekly. Retrieved April 22, 2005 from the World Wide Web https//www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2001/01/30/20wordte ch.h21.html?querystring= helpful%20technology Walton, S. (November, 1991). Experts urge teachers to adapt to students learning styles. Education Weekly. Retrieved April 22, 2005 from the World Wide Web http//www.edweek.org/ewarticles/1991/11/23/20wordtechh21.html

Book that has had the most influence

What Is the book that has had the most Influence on you and how has It Influenced you? Author Nowadays, in one C of information technologies people dont pay much attention to books, especially to fiction. This is a big issue, since some literature stories can be more useful, than TV programs or social network conversations. People of any age and any nationality can find some new sense in well known, but undeservedly forgotten novels and who knows how it could change their future.Many years ago, hen I was a little curious child, I found in our family library Arthur Cowan Doyle novel collection, and began to read his famed detective stories about Sherlock Holmes. Its hard to imagine, but being 10 years old ordinary pupil, I stopped playing football with my neighbourhood friends and watch animated cartoons for few weeks. All my free epoch was devoted to these knotty stories. Moreover, I tried to solve some problems by myself and forecast succeeding(prenominal) Sherlock steps with gr eat elation.With great egret I finished last adventure and understood that current logical t take aim was really final. Everyone can ask me, how detective stories, without some hidden philosophical sense and educational thoughts could make great influence on little child. And I should give an unexpected answer. From that time I became interested in mathematics and in other exact sciences. I was very successful in different logical tasks and considered to dedicate my heart to IT and math.And who knows, maybe that old fall evening, when I first found Sherlock Holmes story was crucial point in my life. Looking back through years, I understand that it is never too late to discover world, get new knowledge, and as result change yourself. Generally speaking reading Is a sinless Instrument to rich all these alms. People shouldnt forget about books because with every new read sentence reader becomes more Intelligent and erudite. So dont nullify your time for unimportant things, do your best to make this world more beautiful.

Cell Phone Effects on the Human Brain Essay

Walking around in school to walking around at the shopping malls with your winding phone may search fashionable and trendy, but most people do not know that it might be causing you to get a cancer and brain damage threw the loss of memory. Many mobile phone holders do not realize it and it should be something everyone should be aw atomic number 18 of. It may seem pretty unusual how a mobile phone can cause a child or an adult to get cancer, but it is true. New demo is growing fast about health risks from mobile phones and their electromagnetic radiation.Recently mobile phones are accused of emitting radiation, which is harmful for health causing cancer, brain tumors, headaches, and in like manner sleeping disorders. These devices can be used to make telephone calls from almost any country in the world to another. Researchers are put away being undertaken to ejaculate to a definite conclusion if there is any possible impairment by the cellular telephone phone radiation. Resear ch by the Radiation and Nuclear safe Authority in Finland found that microwaves from cell phone handsets damaged the blood-brain barrier, which prevents materials from the blood entering the brain.It warned that this might have implications for human health, but it does not insinuate that the biological effect may necessarily pose health risk. It is generally accepted that damage to desoxyribonucleic acid is necessary for cancer to develop. However, radiofrequency energy, unlike ionizing radiation, does not cause DNA damage in cells, and it has not been found to cause cancer in animals or to enhance the cancer-causing effects of know chemical carcinogens in animals. Radiofrequency energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space.Electromagnetic radiation can be reason into two types ionizing which consist of x-rays, radon, and cosmic rays and in any case non-ionizing which con sist of radio frequency and extremely low-frequency or power frequency. Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as from radiation therapy, is known to increase the risk of cancer. However, although many studies have examined the potential health effects of non-ionizing radiation from radar, microwave ovens, and other sources, there is currently no consistent take the stand that non-ionizing radiation increases cancer risk.The only known biological effect of radiofrequency energy is heating. The ability for microwave ovens to heat food is an example of this effect of radiofrequency energy. Radiofrequency depiction from cell phone use does cause heating however, it is not sufficient to measurably increase body temperatures. Cell phones use radio frequencies to transmit signals. Radio Frequencies are a form of electrical waves similar to those used in radios, microwaves, radars or satellite stations. They are emitted from a transmitter, and received using an antenna.This telephony techn ology is certified geographically to small zones called Cells. Every cell has a base station capable of sending and receiving radio waves. When a call is started a signal leaves the hold unit headed to the closest base station. This station answers by allocating a specific channel to the unit. There are two types of phones, one has the antenna mounted on the handset and the other has the antenna mounted on a separate transmitter or, if the telephone is installed in a vehicle, mounted on the roof or rear window.There have been many concerns that radiofrequency energy from cell phones held closely to the head may affect the brain and other tissues, to date there is no evidence from studies of cells, animals, or humans that radiofrequency energy can cause cancer. A recent study showed that when people used a cell phone for 50 minutes, brain tissues on the same side of the head as the phones antenna metabolized more glucose than it did tissues on the opposite side of the brain. The re searchers noted that the results are preliminary, and possible health outcomes from this increase in glucose metabolism are still unknown.Today, all the mobile phone manufacturers are now producing mobiles with a limited precise Absorption Rate, also known as SAR which minimizes the impact of radiation. Specific absorption rate is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the body when exposed to a radio frequency electromagnetic field. It is commonly used to measure power absorbed from mobile phones and during MRI scans. It can also refer to absorption of other forms of energy by tissue, including ultrasound. It is defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue and has units of watts per kilogram.Parts of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone handset are absorbed by the human head. The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset can have a round top power of 2 watts. SAR is usually averaged either over the whole body, or over a small sample good deal which is typic ally 1 g or 10 g of tissue. The value cited is then the maximum level measured in the body part studied over the stated volume or mass. In theory, children have the potential to be at greater risk than adults for developing brain cancer from cell phones.Their nervous systems are still developing and therefore more vulnerable to factors that may cause cancer. Their heads are much smaller than adults and therefore have a greater proportional exposure to radiofrequency radiation that is emitted by cell phones. Also children have the potential of accumulating more years of cell phone exposure than adults do. Technology has always made a great impact on our society. Over the last few decades, there have been many inventions that have changed our lifestyles dramatically.Cellular Telephony has, by all accounts, special how we interact with others, but with consequences that follow. To this day, there are a growing number of unconfirmed reports of individuals whose health has been affected after frequent use of mobile phones, presumably from radiation effects on brain cells. The full result of long-term use on mobile phones has not yet been able to be tested, only because they have not been around long enough for the symptoms to make themselves clear. Is putting our health at risk really worth it?

Enabling Learning and Assessment

Two of the assessment activities that I use be Worksheets (or indite questions) and photographic evidence. These assessment activities argon the most commsolely found within my level 1 group. Worksheets within my area are a precise various air of collecting info from the student, they bottom contain short answer questions, multiple choice questions etc. Worksheets are extremely valid because they are usually created by the awarding body of that qualification or by the teachers who have read through what the learners need to achieve.Because it is a direct way of assessing, the learners will non go off task as the calculatesheets are designed to be short, sharp ways of assessing that require the learner to answer two or terzetto questions about a particular criteria. Ideally, the learner should be assessed on different occasions, and by different tidy sum on each criteria, so that this assessment becomes to a greater extent than reliable. Once the learner has answered th ese questions to show their understanding, and have had the criteria explained to them, they would have passed that star element within their criteria, therefore making it even more sufficient, elegant and reliable.Worksheets are very easy to differentiate dep devastationing on the level of learners/ course/ certain psyches. If you have someone in your class who is dyslexic then you can differentiate a licksheet into more picture based learn where possible and excessively if you have someone who excels in lessons you can differentiate the worksheets to enable more information from the learner. The fact that this can be make so slow makes it fair. A question of veritable(a)ity can be raised with worksheets because answers can be very easily duplicated within the classroom, all the same, it is up to the teacher to recognise that this is happening and stop it.In my experience of using worksheets I have found that it is a very cordial way of teaching because if you need to a dd a question onto a worksheet, you just simply add it through Microsoft word. The learners enjoy worksheets a lot more than essays or assignments because it only requires them to focus for short periods of time, which means that they are not, distracted halfway through and can put 100% effort into that worksheet.Another electropositive for a worksheet is that it usually explains on it what the learner needs to do so the learner could arry on completing other worksheets if the rest of the class need more explanation for trialple. This could, however, be a bad thing in a higher level course as they may not include the slide down amount of information within their writing, but for my level 1 course, and the worksheets that I create, I make sure that I have explained what the criteria is that the student needs to complete. For me, worksheets are one of the best ways of assessing students as they have many positives.Photographic evidence is a way of capturing evidence through photog raphs as opposed to writing, this way of assessing is good because it shows that the student can do what the criteria is asking and the proof is the photograph, for example in one of my lessons a criteria is to take part in a squad activity, using photographic evidence shows the student in the moment and participating. This therefore shows both validity and reliability because a photo can cover a range of criteria not just one.However, there can be issues with photos reliability as it could easily be posed for, and would not be a original indication of the wok that is being completed. This work is very authentic because it cannot be used by anyone other than the student in the photo. This method is also very fair as there is little writing to be done on the photographic evidence sheet, the writing that the student needs to complete is just for added information that the student would like to add.This makes this process such(prenominal) fairer to students that have dyslexia, or an y other form of learning difficulty that might affect their written work. In my own practice of using photographic evidence I found that the students enjoy it a lot more because there is less work for them to do, however making sure that everyone has a photo of them completing the criteria can sometimes be a negative. The other bad point to photographic evidence is that you may find yourself having to complete the session again as people may have been away for that session and not got themselves a photo. This can hinder your design of work etc.But I still feel that this is one of the best ways of gathering evidence, especially for the lower level groups as they not have the literacy levels to complete what the higher level groups will. Purpose of assessment For this part of the assignment I am going to describe and analyse summative assessment. summational assessment can be described as what students tend to focus on. It is the assessment, usually on completion of a course or modu le, which says whether or not you have passed.It isor should beundertaken with reference to all the objectives or outcomes of the course, and is usually fairly formal. (www. learningandteaching. info, 2010) Taking this approach makes the assessment very clear to the student, and not only confirms their overall mark, but also high lights what they have done well, and what they need to improve on Summative assessment is the process of evaluating (and grading) the learning of students at a point in time. (www. qualityresearchinternational. com, 2010) Summative assessment also helps the assessor confirm that the student has an understanding of the topic, and has built upon their knowledge, as Wilson (2009) agrees Summative assessment is usually associated with tests and exams.It acquired immune deficiency syndrome the assessment of learning and is quite formal. In summative assessment styles, a learner progresses through their qualification until the time comes that learning is complet e and they are tried on their knowledge. From my research I have found out that in most cases summative assessment is a test or exam at the end of a course to determine whether you have passed or failed what you have been studying. If you were to fail you would have to re-sit the exam or test. Students would normally get a period to revise for these tests to ensure that they pass.This is most definitely valid because it would be the awarding body that sets the exams. This form of summative assessment is also an extremely authentic and efficient way of assessing, as the room would be set up in exam conditions, with separate desks, no mobile phones or speaking so its guaranteed to be the individuals own work. There are some questions on the fairness of this though as everyone would get the same set of questions, written and presented in the same way without any kind of differentiation, so this may be unfair to those, for example, that struggle with reading, and is therefore putting t hat student at a disadvantage.However, those with learning difficulties who would have the greatest struggle with this form of assessment, often have Exam Access Arrangements, granting them with special permissions such as extra time, rest breaks, or a scribe. Also with regards to preparing, some students may have a computer at home that may help them to gain a greater advantage than those without this technology. about people from other cultures may have some other things that are more important to them at home, for example, praying.Some of these people may also not speak English and that disadvantages them straight away. Assessment is a socially embedded activity which can only be understood by taking vizor of the cultural, economic and political contexts within which it operates (Stobart, 2005) Within my area however, it is not a pass or fail exam which is the summative assessment. The summative assessment in my area is completed in a much smaller scale throughout the year in t he form of portfolio evidence.The course that I teach is a yearlong course for level 1 students wanting to be in the human beings services (police, royal marines etc). The entire course consists of 7 units which range from map out reading to team building and physical fitness. The evidence that we use in these portfolios is also varied including witness statements, photographic evidence and short answer questions on worksheets. Due to the varied methods of evidence collection it is difficult to individualise each one for validity and reliability etc.But generally because there is that varied style the students always look forward to the theory side of the sessions. As I make the worksheets for this course, I know that they are reliable, valid, fair and current because I have differentiated almost all of them for higher level learners and lower level. I know what the awarding body is looking for in terms of work so have structured the worksheets around that. My only concern for th is type of assessment is authenticity, as it would be easy to replicate a friends answer without understanding it yourself.We summative assess like this because it is an NCFE qualification that is determined and assessed on a completed portfolio of evidence rather than an exam at the end of the year. This is useful for us as teachers, and a less stressful experience for our learners, because if a learner does not understand then we can explain it in different ways until they do, so they keep getting to try and try again, rather than try once and theyve passed or failed. This also helps us target their areas of concern, and we can therefore plan accordingly.Reflection The biggest single source of feedback is from the learner themselves from their internalised judgements (www. psy-gla. ac. uk, 2010) The above comment is very true in the case of one of my students, he was his biggest critic, he was home schooled and really didnt like the idea of education as a whole never mind being to ld what to do, this same student also has been diagnosed with aspergers and ADHD. The first day he came into college he was on extension studies and I was his support worker at the time. Trying to get him to do any work was near to impossible.He had a real problem with authority and lacked the confidence to ask for help from either myself or the teacher. During my time with this student I briefly realised that he would use conversation as a way of distracting himself from learning. I adopted a strategy that allowed him to talk and get his work done at the same time, this was aft(prenominal) I had a 11 with him and discussed to him that he was only making his college life difficult for himself and he would get much more done if he listened to the staff and then, once his work is complete, he can talk to me about other things.I then moved to the sports and public services department, to find that this particular student had in filled to one of my lessons that I would be teaching. Wi thout a support worker I thought that this student would struggle with the content within the class as he wasnt used to working without a supportive voice, giving him feedback where it counted. I kept him puke the first session and asked how I could improve to help his learning, and he gave me some ideas which I used the next session, such as short hands on activities to break up the sessions, and his general behaviour and attitude flourished.I also had a system in place that we set up together, if he was assay with a piece of work he would put his pen down and fold his arms, which gave me the signal to come over and assist him. A year after that, this student enrolled on the course that he was infilling last year (where he is now). And with regular tutorials and setting up of SMART targets for him, for example show up to lessons with the pay off equipment on time and if you are going to be late phone up in advance and let us know, he is one of the high achievers in the class and will be moving on next year to a level 2 course.So had it not been for feedback with this individual I dont feel that he would have made it within the education system but due to good sources of feedback around the college he is now achieving a lot higher than he would have hoped and that I would have expected when he first came to college. (ecologyofeducation. net) Feedback has helped me develop as a teacher in many ways, the first micro each of the PTLLS course gave me great confidence and enthusiasm towards being a teacher as my general friend and tutor feedback was extremely positive and not much went wrong. I have also had some constructive feedback throughout my notes from both Barbara Roche, Rob Gray and the students in my class that have given me some great ideas for the future, such as keeping motivation high by switching tasks quickly so that people do not find the lesson boring. Keeping tasks into bite size pieces to not confuse the learner.I have received feedback fro m my manager on my lessons after an observation and the feedback was to be more academic within the classroom and try to understand the difference between being too friendly towards students and not achieving the respect that a teacher needs. Due to this feedback I made sure that I was still friendly towards the students but not too friendly and within a some weeks I had the respect and rapport that I expected. Feedback has helped me reflect more as its a great tool to use, I give positive feedback to myself and, as long as Im honest, constructive feedback too.As seen above reflection enters Kolbs feedback cycle just after the concrete experience and just beforehand the abstract conceptualisation, where one would discover what learning actually took place. Overall, without feedback there would be no active learning, students wouldnt know how well they had done, teachers wouldnt know if they are doing their job correctly. You understand and gain confidence or know where to improve because of the feedback you get, whether this is in a one to one basis with a manager or work colleague, or in a classroom full of students.

Strategic Management and Ikea

1) How has IKEA succeeded in expanding across the world using a standard track down of products and a standard strategy in the category furniture and furnishings industry, in which divergent heathen influences atomic number 18 likely to be at their untouchableest? First of whole, seems reductive say that IKEA provides a standard range of products having bet to the incredible width of this range (which allows, therefore, to brook many vari equal to(p)s of many types of heterogeneous products in this way is almost completely bypassed the set traditionally connected with the broaden diverse depending on the country of destination).In fact, the product range is so vast (The IKEA products on offer Exceed 12. 000 items in number) to allow a pretermit of diversification for export market every type of consumer that is part of the target audience can find products of his choice, ignoring the others (which bequeath be desirable by other consumers focused on other features). In th is way this strategy exceeds its traditional limit.As it is written in the text under consideration IKEA has achieved the impossible, to compose a range of products attractive to consumers everywhere, in countries with very different cultures, and to apply a formula for presentation and sale of those products which reinforces the attractiveness . With regard to the standard strategy used by IKEA in my view its success relies on a few points good described in the article. First, the target is well defined (and wide, and in all countries without exception). It whitethorn sound corny but the self-proclaimed focus of IKEA is young people of all ages. In reality the market is primarily young people, who are well educated, self-aggrandising in cultural values, white collar, but with limited means because of their stage of career and family cycle, and in the process of setting up or expanding their homes because they are having children. The stake successful point of the unitary strate gy of the company is the interest to achieve and maintain a constitute advantage (in light of the needs of the target, of course). This cost and determine leadership is achieved by a combination of strategies large-quantity purchasing, the push to discover ever-cheaper suppliers in ever-cheaper markets (sourcing in developing economies has risen from 32% to 48%), low-cost logistics, store repair in relatively cheap suburban areas, and a do-it-yourself approach to marketing and distribution. Low costs are translated into low prices as IKEA pursues a deal price leadership strategy.In addition to this, the Distribution and Promotion system is modern and inexpensive and easily replicable and acceptable to consumers around the world. So, everything in IKEA works to create a great opportunity, overcoming (as already said at the beginning of my answer) the limits of the not-diversified offer per country and culture in this particular industry sector, characterized by strong cultural differences. 2) Is there a limit to this expansion? Does IKEAs history illustrate the nature of such a limit?I think the main limit to the expansion of the business of IKEA is cultural and, therefore, be able to contain production costs, while continuing to adapt its products to markets other than those served today. The example of the American market is utile in this regard. On that occasion, IKEA had to wait a long time before creation accepted in the United States, producing profits. That was a very risky investment, thus far the American market in that commodity sector has its own characteristics, presumably, very well known and different from European ones.The entry into the U. S. market, to be profitable, had to wait an eventful adaptation activities never done before. I think in this case when it comes to expansion it is done in a geographical sense (and not profits), so an entry into other markets to IKEA today seems to be quite complicated (making reference provided to markets and economies very different from those faced up to date) for the reason just expressed.America is a huge market, strategic and inviting for which is undoubtedly good to do what IKEA decided to do (invest with the initial losses, if necessary adapting their products), but I doubt that this can be tell for other markets less strategically important than the American. From the point of view of the enlargement of the volume of business and profit, I have no knowledge to be able to express with certainty, however IKEA in the text is placed at the highest levels of Globality and Added Value, therefore I do not think there are great possibilities of strong growth even in this sense.The most important thing is to keep their volumes trying to increase it as much as possible. 3) How has IKEA managed to creatively combine the benefits of plenitude consumption and mass production with the desire for style and modernity of product? IKEA is able to take full advantage of the cost bene fits of mass production (carefully selecting its employees and suppliers are able to meet stringent quality standards at very competitive set from IKEA) and mass consumption because the citizens of all the world, belonging to the target specified by the company and reported above, and have an idea of odernity and style quite comparable, therefore the need to adapt its products to different markets is quite limited in this field (happened only for America). However, the need for fashion and modernity today is constantly evolving. A company structured differently from IKEA would have difficulty to be continuously ready to offer something desirable. Instead, IKEA, through a work of upgrading its products (however, wherever standard) can not only meet the needs of customers, but also to anticipate them IKEA makes low-cost trend. This is amazing.At this point it is realise and understandable as reported in the article IKEA has combined the cost-reducing benefits of mass production and consumption with attention to the style required to persuade consumers to buy items which will be on display and in the eye of the purchaser for many years, unlike the humble hamburger or cup of coffee which are consumed apace and as quickly forgotten. In short, like Harley-Davidson, it has created a global brand. It has managed to innovate and respond to Continuously changes in the world, continuing to convey a sense of firing and modernity. Most important is the contribution of the catalogue of the Swedish firm, which has become something of a design icon imitated by competitors from around the world. 4) Has IKEA chosen a strategy of cost/price leadership or one of product differentiation? We could say that IKEA has merged the two strategies in a single large successful director. At first glance, without a careful study of the phenomenon IKEA, it would seem easy to classify the choices made by the company as cost and price leadership helped by a not differentiated offer.But in a nswer to the first question, I have already explained how, for me, one can not speak of a overlook of differentiation. It is absolutely not possible to speak of a strategy or the other in the case under study. IKEA has been able to be innovative in all aspects product and design, mass production delocalized and strongly supported, distribution channel, promotion type, location of stores and their structure. Thus, it has managed to combine the two strategies in a single strategy that brings in concert and makes something completely new.In other answers I have given a part of my interpretation of what is required in this question, but I think the best thickset is that given by the authors of the article IKEAs strategy has been described as a focused cost leadership strategy, focused because it is targeted at a particular market niche, those who want style at low cost. However, this oversimplifies the approach adopted and underplays the complexity of the product, with its packaging o f different services. If it were true that the strategy was no more than a form of focused cost leadership, it would be difficult to understand why IKEA has been so successful.Rather it is the combination of low price and high quality which attracts the consumer, which is not an ludicrous situation. The attributes of the product offered by IKEA differ markedly from those of other retailers. Instant accessibility, customer participation in value-adding, the combination of low cost and high quality all mark the product out as unique and therefore as carrying a competitive advantage, one which is continuously renewed as products are ameliorate and renovated. IKEA is always ready to innovate. ) How far do you think that IKEA can look into the future in framing its strategic management? I remember that this model of strategic management is winning. It is and it will be due to the fact that creates something new from what is already well known to everyone. What is even more important and that bodes well for the future of IKEA is that it has always been the first mover. Being first means being able to reap the benefits from it. Be consistently first mover means being able to store the successes and failures of the past, learning from heir mistakes and their victories better and more quickly than your competitors are able to do by copying you. Achieve great results and be always ready for change (in fact, promote it ) is a symptom of a far-sighted and enlightened strategic vision. Follow this structure means continue in a context that is the company itself to manage and, presumably, to command. The key word today is not to sit on themselves. I think that IKEA is not ever sat on.

Resort Operations and Management

RESORT OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENTSurname, Name, M. I. Student get along Lecture no. 1 A restore is a planned vacation business sector that is designed to attract, hold and satisfy its customers so they force out become repeat visitors and/or level-headed depart ambassadors.To achieve these objectives require a circumspection strategy that can operate a variety of scales and with a selection of target marketplaces, but its invariable must be the creation of a valued experience Gee (1996) considers remediates differ from other sorts of tourism destination in that they Cater primarily to vacation and pleasure markets The average length of retain is longer, so hotel rooms need to be larger and better equipped Because most resorts atomic number 18 isolated they must be self contained The recreational persuade of resorts makes them highly seasonal Resort management must be visible management, that is every matchless must be infused with the idea of total hospitality, warm relationships, and unstinting pulsation the clock service to customers Mill (2001) consider resorts start out a combination of elements that make them distinctive.These are The recreation attractions that draw customers to the resort Activities to occupy the nodes during their freeze indoors these description of resorts and their management needs certain commonalities can be identified. Resorts are distinctive in that they Are launch as tourism businesses Convert visitors into guest Attempt to hold their guests on site Attract guest and hold them with superior quality facilities Cosset guests with superior service attention consideration in a resort 1. Capture through diametricaliation 2. Attempt to be self contained 3. Deliver fabulous facilities and super service 4. Determine the appropriate target market scales 5. start out of resort operation scales a. Micro-scale of a single facility, a resort hotel needs to encompass internal activities that will hold the gues t totally day and in combination with quality rooms, gastronomic opportunities and entertainment provide no reason to leave the establishment . . Meso- scale of an integrated resort complex, where several hotels and ancillary functions financial backing the prime function and diametricaliator of the resort component parts should work together to hold and satisfy the guests in spite of appearance the complex. c. Macro-scale of a resort destination, such as Las Vegas all the above considerations are in play, but indoors the broader context of a multi-purpose community with multiple planning and development finales. 6. Varying levels of control analytic framework for resort management with a seniors market example Description and Explanation (external and internal Prediction ( risk management) definition challenges Attract Competitive market Health and wellness Differentiate Light exercise and recreation Branding Second or retirement homes Hold Attractive Setting Indepe ndent to dependence Critical Mass of activities Flexible delivery Supportive staff Security Satisfy Skilled staff Caring services Service profit twine Rest home component Value creation Hospital links LAWS REGULATING RESORTSA resort is either place with pleasant milieu and atmosphere contributing(prenominal) to comfort, healthful relaxation and rest, offering food, sleeping alteration and recreational facilities to the public for a fee or remuneration. Resorts maybe categorized into (Chapter III, Classification of and Standard Requirements for Resorts, atom 7) i) Beach resorts placed along the seashore ii) In lower resorts located within the town proper or city iii) Island resorts located in natural or man-made island with the internal pees of the Filipino archipelago iv) Lakeside or riverside resorts- located along or near the bank of a lake or river v) volume resorts- located at or a mountain or hill vi) Theme parksResorts are classified into (Chapter III, Cl assification of and Standard Requirements for Resorts, Section 8) a. Class abdominal aortic aneurysm b. Class AA c. Class A Classification of resorts is based on a. Location and environment b. Parking facilities and room accommodation c. Sports and recreational facilities d. Conference and convention facilities e. Employee facilities f. intellectual nourishment and beverage outlets g. Lounge and reception centre and furnishing Forms of Business Organization Business entities engaged in the operation of tourist accommodation establishments may be form as a single proprietorship, a compact or a corporation, These are legal requirements for the organization and licensing of these businesses.Governmental Regulations Several government agencies determine part in the process of organizing and licensing business entities which intend to engage in the operation of tourist accommodation establishments. Securities and Exchange Commission Businesses intending to be organized as a partners hip or a corporation must register their articles of partnership/incorporation and by-laws with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). For entities intending to engage in the business of operating tourist accommodation establishments, prior clearance from the mayor of the place where the principal office is located must be submitted together with the incorporation memorandums.The SEC has a stoppageic reportorial requirements, such as the 1. Submission of general information sheets 2. Financial statements Which must be complied with by corporations and partnerships engaged in the business of operating tourist accommodation establishments. part of Trade and Industry Business establishments using business names other than their SEC-registered name must be register said business names with the part of Domestic Trade to a lower place the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) before using said business names in contacts, advertisements and other purposes and before piquant i n any business transaction. Bureau of Internal tax incomeBusiness entities engaged in the operation of tourist accommodation establishments must register with the Bureau of Internal Revenue and keep books of account wherein all transactions and results of operations are shown and from which all taxes due the government may readily and accurately be ascertained and fixed any succession of the year. Social Security organization Business entities engaged in the operation of tourist accommodation establishments must report all their employees who are not over 60 years of age to the SSS for compulsory coverage and pay the employers component part for each employee. They must as well collect their employees contribution and remit the same to the SSS. Department of Tourism DOT merely undertakes accreditation of tourism business and single on a voluntary basis. on that point is a pending bill in Congress to make accreditation with the DOT a mandatory requirement prior to the issuance of a mayors permit or business license by LGUs.Accreditation is a certification by the plane section as having complied with its minimum standards in the operation of the establishment concerned which will consider the natural rubber, comfort and convenience of the tourist. Bureau of immigration and Deportation If business entities employ alien personnel, valid working visa must be secured from the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation Department of Labor and Employment In addition to a valid working visa, any alien seeking admission to the Philippines for employment purposes and business entities desiring to engage an alien for employment must obtain employment permit from the Department of Labor and Employment. Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesBusiness entities desiring to operate tourist accommodation establishments will have to undergo environmental refer judicial decision and obtain as environmental meekness certificate from DENR before they can commence o perations and any class of construction. Operation and Management of Resorts Due to complexity of facilities avail qualified in resorts, unlike in hotels and other causas of accommodation establishments, the standard of operation and management of resort is relatively more stringent. Resorts are required to adopt sanitation measures in accordance with the standards prescribed under PD no. 856, also cognize as the Code on Sanitation of the Philippines.All resorts have to provide the services of a sufficient number of well-trained lifeguards duly accredited by either the Philippine National Red Cross, the Water Life Saving Association of the Philippines or any recognized organization training or promoting safety objectives. They must also provide adequate security whenever there are guest . Medical services, fire fighting facilities and signboards will have to be provided by all resorts. There must be placed on a beach or lakeside resort an adequate number of buoys, which must be spread within the area by the resort owner or keeper incompliance with existing government regulations and/or local anaesthetic ordinance on the placing of such buoys.Prohibited Acts Keepers, manager or operators of hotels, resorts, tourist, inns, motels, apartels and pension houses are required to exert effort not to allow any form of gambling, drunkenness or disorderly conduct of any kind by anyone in said establishments and their immediate premises. They must also exert all possible efforts not to permit any person whom they know or have reason to believe to be either a prostitute a paedophiles or of questionable character to occupy a room or to enter the premises Environmental Laws affecting Tourism Tourism projects are required to comply with the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System.The EIS System was established by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1586 issued by former President Ferdinand E. Marcos in 1978. The EIS System requires all government agencies, g overnment owned or controlled corporations and private companies to prepare an Environmental Impact valuement (EIA) for any project or action at law that affects the quality of the environment. An EIA is a process that involves evaluating and predicting the likely impacts of the project (including additive impacts) on the environment and includes designing appropriate preventive, mitigating and enhancement measures to protect the environment and the community wel farawaytheste.An entity that complies with the EIS System is issued as Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC), which is a document certifying that, based on the representations of the project proponent, the proposed project or undertaking will not cause significant negative environmental impacts and that the project proponent has complied with all the requirements of the EIS System. To strengthen the implementation of the EIS System, Administrative Order (AO) No. 42 was issued by the superpower of the President of the Philippines in 2002. It provided for the streamlining of the ECC application process and approval procedures. consistent to AO No. 42, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) promulgated DENR AO No. 2003-30, also known as the Implementing Rules and Regulations for the Philippine EIS System (IRR), in 2003. Under the IRR, in general, only projects that pose potential significant impact to the environment shall be required to secure ECCs.In ascertain the scope of the EIS System, two factors are considered Category Description fount Category A Environmentally Projects that have significant Golf courses Critical Projects (ECPs) potential to cause negative environmental impacts Category B Projects that are not categorized as Hotels and resorts that Environmentally Critical ECPs , but which may cause negative are located in ECAs Areas (ECAs) environmental impacts because they are located in Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs) Category C Projects intended to directly enhance Other tourism projects environmental quality or address not located in ECAs, but existing environmental problems not would likely have falling under Category A or B impacts on the environment Category D Projects unlikely to cause adverse Small tourist stigmatises or environmental impacts handicraft stores i. The nature of the project and its potential to cause significant negative environmental impacts ii. The sensitivity or vulnerability of environmental resources in the project area Specifically, the criteria used for determining projects to be covered by the EIS System are as follows a. Characteristics of the project or undertaking- i. Size of the project ii. Cumulative nature of impacts vis-a-vis other project iii. Use of natural resources iv. Generation of wastes and environmental-related infliction v. Environmental-related hazards and risk accidents b. Location of the Project i.Vulnerability of the project area to disturbances due to its ecological importance, en risked or protected status ii. Conformity of the proposed project to existing land use, based on approved zoning or on national laws and regulations iii. Relative abundance, quality and regenerative efficacy of natural resources in the area, including the impact absorptive capacity of the environment. c. Nature of potential impact i. Geographic extent of the impact and the size of affected population ii. Magnitude and complexity of the impact iii. Likelihood, duration, frequency and reversibility of the impact The categories of projects under the EIS System are as follows Small Scale Tourism ProjectsUnder the 1996 Philippine EIS System Guide, tourism projects are classified into small-scale and large scale projects. meek tourism are considered projects in ECAs. An ECA is an area considered projects as environmentally sensitive such that significant environmental impacts are expected if certain types of proposed projects or course of study s are loca ted, developed or implemented it. Under the EIS system, proponents of small-scale projects must prepare a project description (pd) The pd reviewed and evaluated by different entities . The future(a) entities take part in the process. 1. Project proponent- prepares the pd or EIS documents, complies additional information, prepares and submits period compliance reports 2.DENR Regional Executive coach- issues certificate of exemption, issues or denies ECC, issues closure, suspension, finish order or impose fines and other penalties. 3. DENR Regional Technical Director- Environmental Management Protected Areas Services (EMPAS) determines need foe and facilitates public consultation. 4. DENR Regional Office EIA Division ( Ad hoc) evaluates pd or EIS document, ch melodic lines regional EIA Review Committee, inspects proposed sites, investigates ECC-related complaints, initiates public hearing, conducts and reports on compliance monitoring 5. Regional EIS Review Committee- provides tech nical review of pd document, advises DENR regional offices on ECC issuance 6. EMB EIA Group- supports DENR regional offices 7.Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office (PENRO)- coordinates local government units (LGUs) and other local parties, conducts public awareness, assists in on-site inspection and monitoring 8. LGUs- participate in multi-sectoral monitoring team 9. NGOs and public- participate in multi-sectoral monitoring team. After review and evaluation of the pd and other liable(p) documents, the RTD- EMPAS in coordination with the DENR Regional Office EIA Division, makes any of the undermentioned decisions. 1. Recommends the issuance of an ECC with conditions 2. Recommends that the proponent prepare a full EIS for the proposed project 3. Recommends the denial of the ECC Brobdingnagian Scale Tourism ProjectsUnder the 1998 Philippine EIS System Guide, large-scale tourism projects, like resort and hotels are considered ECPs. As such, it is required that an EIS be prepared. The EMD takes the lead in reviewing and processing EIS. The following entities participate in the process of review and evaluation of EIS 1. Project proponent- prepares the pd or EIS documents, complies additional information, publishes notice of and makes presentation in public hearing, prepares and submits period in compliance reports, establishes Environmental Guarantee Fund 2. DENR secretary- issues/ denies ECC, issues cessation order 3. EMB Director- calls for a public hearing, appoints hearing officer, endorses the ECC or letter of denial to the DENR Secretary 4.EMB EIA Group- evaluates documents, serve as secretariat to EIA Review Committees, asks for additional information, initiates public hearing, solicits input from relevant government agencies, recommends issuance or denial of ECC and sometimes conducts compliance monitoring activities . 5. EMB EIA Review Committee- provides technical review EIS documents, advises EMB in need for public hearing and ECC issuan ce 6. DENR Regional Office- inspects proposed site, investigates EIS-related complaints, conducts and reports on compliance monitoring 7. PENRO- coordinates local government units (LGUs) and other local parties, conducts public awareness, assists in on-site inspection and monitoring 8. LGUs- participate in multi-sectoral monitoring team 9.NGOs, affected communities and public- participate in public hearing and in multi-sectoral monitoring team. Violation of ECC Conditions An ECC is a document issued by the DENR Secretary or the Regional Executive Director certifying that , based on the representation of the proponent and the preparers, the proposed project or undertaking will not cause a significant negative environmental impact that the proponent has complied with all the requirements of the EIS system and the proponent is committed to implement its approved environmental management plan in the Environmental Impact Assessment or mitigation measures in the Initial Environmental Exam ination. Once a project is issued an ECC, certain conditions go with it.These conditions will have to be strictly followed otherwise, non compliance with the conditions will result suspension or cancellation of the ECC and/or fine not exceeding (50,000) pesos for every violation thereof, at discretion of the EMB. Lecture No. 2 Objectives 1. Explain the guest activity and programming model and its significance to successful resort operation. 2. Explain how knowledge of cultural differences and individual needs can be used by resort managers to design guest activities 3. Identify how cluster or activity compend can help meet the objectives of a guest activity program 4. Describe the steps required to effectively plan a guest activity program 5.Identify the approaches and measuring instruments used in evaluating the potency of guest activity programs 6. Resorts Management and Operations, Mill, Robert Christie 2008 References Resorts Management and Operations, Mill, Robert Christie 2 008 Tourism Law Philippine Setting 2nd edition , Javier, Nancy Joan 2008 Good programming does not just draw it is carefully planned for, thought about, and learned Farrel and Lundegren When guest are at a resort or on board ship for several long time or weeks, they expect the facility to cater to their need for something to do. At resorts, this need is met by guest activity programs. What guest actually do is called recreation.Recreation is an activity that take place during ones free time, is enjoyable, freely chosen, and benefits the individual emotionally, socially, physically, cognitively and spiritually. The activity should be fun, it is something the guest chooses to do, and the guest will not fully enjoy the activity and their stay will be less enjoyable than it could be. Benefits of Guest Activity Programs The impact of a recreational or guest activity can extend far beyond the immediate benefits. Consider a couple hiking along a trail. They may experience one or more of the following benefits Feeling good about getting exercise Enjoyment of the sights and sounds of nature Mental relaxation Learning something about the natural environment Feeling closer to their partner To be satisfying, an activity must include 1. Freedom- guest must be free to select the activities in which they want to participate 2. Perceived competence- guests must be able to match their skill level to the activity such that they feel they can successfully participate. 3. Intrinsic motivation-truly satisfying activities are those that are chosen to satisfy an familiar drive rather than to satisfy or impress others. 4. Locus of control- guest need to have some degree of control over the experience, be it in the selection of teammates or when or where the activity 5.Positive effect- the result of a satisfying activity is that guests enjoy the experience after participating in it. Recreation programs are purposeful interventions which are deliberately designed and constructed in order to produce certain behavioural outcomes. Guest activity programming involves five steps 1. Assess needs of guest 2. Define objective for the activities that will meet guest needs. 3. Perform cluster or activity analysis designed to meet the objectives 4. disseminate the activity 5. Evaluate the experience with respect to its success in meeting guest needs Evaluation of the activity tycoon lead to reassessment of any of the earlier steps.Development and operation of any program occurs within the context of, and is influenced by external factors Historical influences- the tradition and philosophy of the resort Environmental influences- time of the year, weather, etc pagan influences- ethnicity, age and religion of the guests Social influences- fads, trends, news Organizational influences- values and mission of the company Finally, guests, staff, equipment, and facilities are brought together to deliver the guest experience. The key to understanding guest motivation i s to see the activities they engage in as satisfiers of needs and wants. Guests do not participate in guest activity programs just to relax and have fun.They do so in the hope and belief that these activities will satisfy, either wholly or partially, needs and wants principal(prenominal) to them. Needs Assessment Needs assessment is a systematic inquiry about needs, attitudes, behaviours, and patterns of two participants and non-participants . Its purpose is to light upon what is important to guests in order to better design and deliver guest activity programs that leave guests satisfied with the program and consequently, in the resort. Constraints should be noted. 1. Needs are infinite- the resort cannot totally satisfy the needs of every guest 2. Conflicts amidst different segments of the market are inevitable- teens want different activities than seniors. Several techniques an be used to conduct a needs assessment 1. Existing guest are asked what interests them or what inter ests them or what activities they currently undertake. 2. People who do not use the programs and who do not take part in the activities might also be surveyed as to their reasons. 3. National figures are available on trends in recreation. Resort amenities can have primary and secondary uses. As an assist in intellection about secondary uses for facilities and areas, in addition to implementing the multi-use creation, list all of the facilities and areas on the property and note the possible activities for which they could be used. Goals and ObjectivesThe goals and objectives of the guest activity programs nest within those set for the resort itself. Goals are broad, general, final outcomes. The overall goals of the resort might be to produce profits by satisfying guests. The guest activity goal might be a. Provide satisfying experiences for guests b. Aid in skill development c. Increase guests health and well-being d. Encourage social interaction among guest Objectives are much m ore specific and short-term. The resort might set objectives relative to occupancy, rate and percentage of guests who return. Objectives should be set for the overall guest activity program as well as for every individual program and activity offered. Cluster and Activity compendThe next step in the process is to identify activities that can help guests meet the stated objectives. Two ways of doing this are activity analysis and cluster analysis. Activity Analysis Activity analysis involves determining how each part of an activity can contribute to meeting goals and objectives. Each activity can be broken down according to the following criteria behavioural domain Skill level, from low to high Interaction patterns, from individual to group Leadership required, from minimum to maximum Equipment required, from none to required Duration, from a set of time through a natural end to continues Facilities required, from none to required Participants, from one to any number Age app ropriateness Cluster Analysis Cluster analysis clusters activities that yield similar benefits. Each activity becomes a variable, the correlation between participation in two variables is computed, and the cluster is based on the correlation that results. The following criteria are used to determine clusters Degree of skill required Level of activity Nature of the group needed Amount of risk or danger Special facilities needed The implication is that people can be typed based on their choice of activity. From existing levels of participation, staff can identify which complimentary activities might be popular. Group A Group B Group C Group D Beach resorts The Impact of Development on Operation A variety of recreational activities utilize water as the major attractions ? Natural beaches, which can be used for sunbathing, swimming and beach combing.Very popular, they may require circumstantial development, though maintenance can be hi gh. Beaches allow for a variety of complementary activities, including snorkelling and scuba diving. ? Open space and trails, typically found around lakes and wetlands. They can be used as sites for fishing or camping or for observing wild life, and fit well into the ecotourism movement ? Golf courses, many U. S. resorts work ocean front settings to highlight their golf facilities ? Residential development, as home site on the waterfront generate premium prices. Care must be taken to balance preservation of the often sensitive ecology and obtaining an economic return on the investment. Commercial development, such as hotels, retail stores, and restaurants. This most intense type of waterfront development must be approached carefully because of environmental concerns. ? Cruise ship, which after all, are nothing more than floating resorts/hotels/restaurants ? Spas Beach Development Six important aspects warrant consideration with respect to beach development the sea, seashore, beach , back beach, coastal stretch and surrounding community/country. SeaA variety of factors related to sea affect the attraction of the site Air temperature, there is a high correlation between swimming and maximum air temperature and a fairly high correlation between beach use and maximum air temperatureAmount and intensity of the wind and sun, there is a weak inverse relationship between both swimming and beach use and wind. There is a straight line correlation between sunshine hours and both swimming and beach use. The correlation is higher than that of maximum air temperature for beach use and lower for swimming. Water temperature, including temperature range Currents, tides, and waves, including their direction, strength and seasonality. Wave action and the corresponding erosion, is greater when beaches are exposed to the main channel of a lake. On the other hand, beaches developed on lakes are subject to less erosion when placed on the side of a bay Ecology, including seaweed an d fishPollution, state-of-the art sewer treatment plants use ultraviolet light radiation to destroy bacteria and microorganisms before they passed into the surrounding environment. Clarity of the water, passed germ test for bathing waters contingent attractions, such as islands, coral and conditions for water recreation. Seashore The seashore consists of the surface under the water, extending out to a depth of 6 feet. Mud bottoms have to be stabilized with crushed rocks as a base and a coarse sand layover. Bathers should be able to walk into the water a sufficient place to allow them to engage in play activities without risk of danger from tidal movement. Beach People do not want to walk too far to get into water, neither do they want to feel too crowded.Lifeguard platforms are the only service facility in this zone. Back BeachThe back beach offers views to both the sea and inland. Vegetation and the effect of the microclimate must be considered because of the fragile nature of th e resource. Coastal Stretch The coastal stretch consists of the beach environment. This is where service facilities and access roadstead are placed. Surrounding Community/ CountryThe country surrounding the beach development provided the setting for the attraction. Natural attractions, the extent of development, surrounding infrastructure, and the opportunity for excursions all need to be considered. Beach Resorts Profile of the Beach Resort GuestBeaches and Islands, according to the Travel Industry Association of America, people who travel to beaches on vacation take longer holidays and fall more money compared to the average vacationer. They are most likely bring the children along, to fly to the destination, and to rent a car when they arrive. A person-trip is defined as one person travelling at least 50 miles one way from home. The top states that benefit from coastal tourism are the following ? California ? Florida ? raw Jersey ? howdy Scuba Travel, scuba diving is a $2. 6 b illion annual business in the US alone. Approximately $640 million a year is spent on equipment with the remainder going to travel, dining, lodging and boat hire. In terms of snorkelling and diving the top spots are ? Cayman Islands ? Mexico Australia ? Hawaii Romance Related, according to TIAA, more than 42 million Americans take at least one trip a year to attend wedding, go on honey moon, or celebrate an anniversary. The top honey moon beach locations are ? Hawaii ? Mexico ? Jamaica ? Tahiti ? Cayman Islands Managing the Resource In 1987, the Blue Flag concept began as an eco-lab certifying beaches as meeting quality standards relating to water quality, safety, environmental management and environmental education. The following are specified for beaches Water Quality, it is vital that beaches meet water quality standards for microbiological and physical-chemical parameters.The quality of the water in terms of physical-parameters are the following The pH should be between 6. 5 a nd 8. 5 (in Caribbean and South Pacific) or 6 to 9 (Europe) There should be no visible oil film on the water and no odour The beach should be monitored for oil taint deposits Nothing floating on the surface (plastic articles, bottles, etc. ) Water should be transparent There should be no abnormal change in the comment of the water No specific odour from phenols should be present Environmental Management, a beach management committee must be established to be in charge of instituting environmental management systems and conducting regular environmental audits of the beach facility.Safety and Services, providing information to and educating beach users about safety concerns should be additional elements of a safety strategy. Life saving equipment includes such things as life buoys, torpedo buoys, hook, life vest, life rafts, etc. First aid can be made available in several ways ? A lifeguard on site ? An attended first-aid station with trained personnel ? Equipment located in a shop or other beach facilities at the beach ? Directly available to the public on the beach Development of Spas The original spa was a mineral hot springs place in Belgium in a village called Spau. Taking the waters, became popular with the upper classes for reasons of health.The promotion of a healthy lifestyle based on a combination of exercise, weight loss and pampering. The following definitions are widely used Resort spa- the resort spa is located on the property of a hotel , normally in a resort where other sports and activities are offered besides the spa program itself. Amenity spa- similar to the resort spa, the amenity spa is added as an amenity to a hotel or resort. Destination spa- the destination spa is a hotel property targeted to the spa guest and focusing on specific health and seaworthiness programs. Outside guests are not part of the program. Benefits Having a spa at a resort seems to have economic advantages for the property.Resort general managers indicate that the spa enhances the following aspects of their business ? Room rate ? Perceived value for money ? Occupancy ? Length of stay ? Marketing advantage ? Revenue per occupied room ? Number of people per occupied room Benefits for the guest ? Stress reduction and relaxation ? To look good/appear young ? To feel more sexy and engaging ? Pursuing a spa lifestyle Spa regulars dislike ? Having to appear naked for treatments ? Treatments derived from chocolates ? Any evidence of lack of cleanliness or poor hygiene ? hoity-toity spas ? Finding a hotel spa fully booked The cost structure of a spa, as a percentage of revenue, can be ? paysheet ? Payroll with benefits ? Operating expenses Net operating income, when spa is responsible for all expenses excluding rent ? NOI, when the spa is responsible for payroll and products only Revenue breakdown for the hotel spa department ? Massage ? Spa treatment ? Club membership dues ? Salon treatments ? Clothing/merchandise Layout and Design The basic c omponent of a spa include ? receipt area ? Separate mens and womens locker room and facilities ? Mens and womens steam rooms ? Lounge which include a juice bar and small cafe ? Dry treatments ? Wet treatments ? Staffed fitness studio with exercise machine ? Retail store ? Salon The equipment in a spa 1. Facial equipment 2. Basic body treatment 3. Hydrotherapy Swimming PoolsThere are a number of different types of kittys that can be part of the resort amenities 1. Lap pools with lanes for swimmer 2. Sports pools for exercise and games 3. Reflecting pool to compliment picturesque landscaping 4. Traditional diving pool for safe diving 5. Splash pool for family fun Maintenance According to some expert, an attractive pool is one of the most visible and cost effective amenities. Keeping the pool attractive requires constant maintenance 1. Know your chemistry- to extent=d the life of the pool and reducing repairs is keeping the water chemistry in balance. 2. Renovation 3. Starting over- there comes a time when its cheaper to tear out the pool and start over rather than to repair it. SafetyThe liability concerns the presence of pools represents a difficult challenge for management. Management has to be particularly concerned with 1. Responsible adult supervision 2. Diving 3. Electrical hazards 4. Ladders, steps and hand trails 5. Drowning prevention 6. Water clarity 7. Water chemistry 8. Heaters Reference Resorts Management and Operation, 2nd edition, Mill, Robert Christie Historical Influences Environmental Influences Organizational Influences Cultural Influences Social Influences Assess Guest Needs Develop Objectives Cluster/ Activity Analysis Activity Experience Evaluation GuestEquipment/ Resources Guest Activity Facilities Staff

Nature of Probability and Statistics Essay

Descriptive statistics consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of info. Inferential statistics consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing estimations hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions. (Probability, Hypothesis testing, relationships between variables, predictions) Probability is the pass of an event occurring. A population consists of all subjects that argon being studied. A sample is a group of subjects selected from a population.Variables and Types of Data In order to pile up knowledge about seemingly haphazard events, statisticians collect information for variables that describe the events. A variable is a characteristic or attribute that heap copy different values. Data are the values that variables can assume. A data set is a collection of data values. Each value in the data set is called a data value or a datum. Random variables have values that are determined by ru n into. 1 M227 Chapter 1 genius of Probability and StatisticsQualitative variables can be placed into distinct categories according to some characteristic or attribute. Quantitative variables are numerical in personality and can be ordered or ranked. Quantitative variables can be further classified into two groups. o Discrete variables assume values that can be counted. o Continuous variables can assume all values between any two specific values. (Discuss boundaries ex. recorded height of 73 has demarcation of 72. 5 ? x 73. 5 ) Levels of MeasurementVariables are classified by how are organized, counted, or measured Nominalclassifies data into mutually exclusive (nonoverlapping), tucker out categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data. Ordinalclassifies data into categories that can be ranked however, microscopic differences between the ranks do not exist. Intervalranks data, and precise differences between units of measure do exist however, there is no me aningful zero. Ratiopossesses all the characteristics of time interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. Data Collection and Sampling TechniquesSurveys are the most common method of collecting data. Three methods of surveying are o Teleph angiotensin converting enzyme surveys o Mailed questionnaire surveys o Personal interviews Direct Observations or surveying records Methods to obtain unbiased samples o Random samples are selected using chance methods or random methods. o Systematic samples are obtained by numbering each subject of the population and then selecting every kth number. o Stratified samples are obtained by dividing the population into groups according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then sampling from each group. Cluster samples are obtained by using intact groups called clusters. cardinal main ways to classify statistical studies In an observational study, the researcher merely observes what is happening or what has happened in the pa st and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations. In an experimental study, the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables. 2 M227 Chapter 1 Nature of Probability and Statistics Statistical studies usually include one or more independent variables and one dependent variable.The independent variable in an axperimental study is the one that is being manipulated by the researcher. The independent variable is in any case called the explanatory variable. The rsultant variable is called the dependent variable or the random outcome. Uses and Misuses of Statistics Detached statistics Implied connections Misleading graphs Faulty survey questions Computers and Calculators In the past, statistical calculations were done with pencil and paper. However, with the orgasm of calculators, numerical computations became easier. Excel, MINITAB, and the TI-83 graphing calculator can be used to perform statistical compu tations.

Foundation and Empire 11. Bride And Groom

THE MULE Less is get laidn of The Mule than of any character of comparable significance to galactic hi storey. Even the item of his greatest renown is known to us chiefly through the eyes of his antagonists and, princip completelyy, through those of a young brideEncyclopedia GalacticaBaytas first sight of Haven was on the whole the contrary of spectacular. Her husband pointed it out a dull star lost in the emptiness of the Galaxys edge. It was erstwhile(prenominal) the last sparse clusters, to whither straggling points of light gleamed l whizzly. And eventide among these it was poor and inconspicuous.Toran was quite awargon that as the earliest prelude to married life, the Red Dwarf lacked impressiveness and his lips curled self-consciously. I know, Bay It isnt exactly a proper change, is it? I mean from the Foundation to this.A horrible change, Toran. I should n forever induce married you.And when his face hu populace faceed momentarily hurt, in the lead he caught himself , she utter with her special cozy t cardinal, All right, silly. without delay let your lower lip droop and give me that special dying-duck look the unrivalled skilful before youre sibyllic to bury your head on my shoulder, while I stroke your hair full of static electricity. You were fishing for some drivel, werent you? You were expecting me to say Id be happy anyplace with you, Toran or The interstellar depths themselves would be home, my sweet, were you barely with me Now you admit it.She pointed a finger at him and snatched it away an instant before his teeth well-nighd upon it.He state, If I surrender, and admit youre right, ordain you prepare dinner?She nodded contentedly. He smiled, and just looked at her.She wasnt beautiful on the grand scale to others he admitted that even if everybody did look twice. Her hair was dark and glossy, though straight, her mouth a bit wide but her meticulous, close-textured eyebrows separated a white, unlined forehead from the warmest mahogany eyes ever filled with smiles.And behind a very sturdily-built and staunchly-defended facade of practical, unromantic, hard-headedness towards life, at that place was just that little pool of softness that would never show if you poked for it, but could be reached if you knew just how and never let on that you were looking for it.Toran adjusted the controls un unavoidably and decided to relax. He was one interstellar jump, and then several milli-microparsecs on the straight before manipulation by hand was necessary. He leaned all everyplace backwards to look into the storeroom, where Bayta was juggling appropriate containers.There was quite a bit of smugness round his view towards Bayta the satisfied awe that marks the triumph of someone who has been hovering at the edge of an inferiority complex for three years.After all he was a tike and not merely a provincial, but the son of a renegade Trader. And she was of the Foundation itself and not merely that, but she could trace her ancestry back to Mallow.And with all that, a tiny quiver underneath. To take her back to Haven, with its rock-world and cave-cities was bad decorous. To leave her face the traditional hostility of Trader for Foundation nomad for city dweller was worse. solace After supper, the last jumpHaven was an angry crimson blaze, and the second planet was a ruddy patch of light with atmosphere-blurred rim and a half-sphere of darkness. Bayta leaned over the Brobdingnagian view table with its spidering of crisscross lines that centered Haven II neatly.She verbalise gravely, I wish I had met your fetch first. If he takes a despise to me-Then, said Toran matter-of-factly, you would be the first pretty girl to inspire that in him. Before he lost his arm and stopped roving around the Galaxy, he Well, if you ask him about it, hell talk to you about it till your ears wear down to a nubbin. After a while I got to niceking that he was embroidering because he never told the sa me story twice the same way-Haven II was rushing up at them now. The landlocked sea wheeled ponderously below them, slate-gray in the lowering dimness and lost to sight, here and there, among the wispy clouds. Mountains jutted raggedly along the coast.The sea became wrinkled with nearness and, as it veered off other(prenominal) the horizon just at the end, there was one vanishing glimpse of shore-hugging ice fields.Toran grunted under the fierce deceleration, Is your suit locked?Baytas plump face was round and ruddy in the incasing sponge-foam of the internally-heated, skin-clinging costume.The ship lowered crunchingly on the open field just short of the lifting of the plateau.They climbed out awkwardly into the solid darkness of the outer-galactic night, and Bayta gasped as the emergent cold bit, and the thin wind swirled emptily. Toran seized her elbow and nudged her into an awkward run over the limpid, packed ground towards the sparking of artificial light in the distance.The advancing guards met them halfway, and after a whispered veer of words, they were taken onward. The wind and the cold disappeared when the gate of rock opened and then closed behind them. The warm interior, white with wall-light, was filled with an incongruous humming bustle. work force looked up from their desks, and Toran produced documents.They were waved onward after a short glance and Toran whispered to his wife, Dad essential have fixed up the preliminaries. The usual lapse here is about five hours.They burst into the open and Bayta said suddenly, Oh, my-The cave city was in daylight the white daylight of a young sun. not that there was a sun, of course. What should have been the sky was lost in the unfocused glow of an over-all brilliance. And the warm air was properly thick and fragrant with greenery.Bayta said, Why, Toran, its beautiful.Toran grinned with anxious delight. Well, now, Bay, it isnt like anything on the Foundation, of course, but its the biggest city on Hav en II twenty grounds people, you know and youll get to like it. No amusement palaces, Im afraid, but no unfathomable police either.Oh, Torie, its just like a toy city. Its all white and pink and so clean.Well- Toran looked at the city with her. The houses were two stories high for the most part, and of the smooth vein rock indigenous to the region. The spires of the Foundation were girling, and the colossal community houses of the Old Kingdoms but the smallness was there and the individuality a relic of personal green light in a Galaxy of mass life.He snapped to sudden attention. Bay Theres Dad Right there where Im pointing, silly. Dont you see him?She did. It was just the impression of a large man, waving frantically, fingers spread wide as though groping wildly in air. The thickset thunder of a drawn-out shout reached them. Bayta trailed her husband, rushing down over the close-cropped lawn. She caught sight of a smaller man, white-haired, almost lost to view behind the robust One-arm, who still waved and still shouted.Toran cried over his shoulder, Its my fathers half-brother. The one whos been to the Foundation. You know.They met in the grass, laughing and incoherent, and Torans father let out a final whoop for sheer joy. He hitched at his short jacket and adjusted the metal-chased belt that was his one surrender to luxury.His eyes shifted from one of the youngsters to the other, and then he said, a little out of breath, You picked a rotten day to return home, boyWhat? Oh, it is Seldons natal day, isnt it?It is. I had to rent a car to make the trip here, and dragoon Randu to drive it. Not a public vehicle to be had at guns point.His eyes were on Bayta now, and didnt leave. He talk to her more softly, I have the crystal of you right here and its good, but I can see the fellow who took it was an amateur.He had the small cube of transparentness out of his jacket pocket and in the light the laughing little face within sprang to vivid colored li fe as a illuminance Bayta.That one said Bayta. Now I wonder wherefore Toran should send that caricature. Im surprised you let me come near you, sir.Are you now? Call me Fran. Ill have none of this fancy mess. For that, I mean you can take my arm, and well go on to the car. Till now I never did think my boy knew what he was ever up to. I think Ill change that opinion. I think Ill have to change that opinion.Toran said to his half uncle softly, How is the old man these days? Does he still hound the women?Randu puckered up all over his face when he smiled. When he can, Toran, when he can. There are times when he remembers that his next birthday will be his sixtieth, and that dis memorizetens him. But he shouts it down, this evil thought, and then he is himself. He is a Trader of the ancient type. But you, Toran. Where did you find such a pretty wife?The young man chuckled and linked arms. Do you want a three years record at a gasp, uncle?It was in the small subsisting room of the home that Bayta struggled out of her traveling cloak and hood and shook her hair loose. She sat down, crossing her knees, and returned the appreciative stare of this large, ruddy man.She said, I know what youre trying to estimate, and Ill help you Age, twenty-four, height, five-four, weight, one-ten, educational specialty, history. She noticed that he always crooked his stand so as to hide the missing arm. But now Fran leaned close and said, Since you mention it weight, one-twenty.He laughed loudly at her flush. Then he said to the company in general, You can always tell a womans weight by her upper arm with due experience, of course. Do you want a drink, Bay?Among other things, she said, and they left together, while Toran busied himself at the book shelves to check for new additions.Fran returned unsocial and said, Shell be down later.He lowered himself heavily into the large comer chair and placed his stiff-jointed left leg on the stool before it. The gag had left his red fac e, and Toran turned to face him.Fran said, Well, youre home, boy, and Im glad you are. I like your woman. Shes no whining ninny.I married her, said Toran simply.Well, thats another thing altogether, boy. His eyes darkened. Its a foolish way to tie up the future. In my longer life, and more experienced, I never did such a thing.Randu interrupted from the comer where he stood quietly. Now Franssart, what comparisons are you making? Till your crash landing six years ago you were never in one spot long enough to usher residence requirements for marriage, And since then, who would have you?The one-armed man jerked erect in his seat and replied hotly, Many, you snowy dotard-Toran said with hasty tact, Its largely a legal formality, Dad. The situation has its conveniences. in the main for the woman, grumbled Fran.And even if so, agreed Randu, its up to the boy to decide. Marriage is an old custom among the Foundationers.The Foundationers are not fit models for an honest Trader, smoldered Fran.Toran broke in again, My wife is a Foundationer. He looked from one to the other, and then said quietly, Shes coming.The conversation took a general turn after the evening meal, which Fran had spiced with three tales of reminiscence composed of equal part of blood, women, profits, and embroidery. The small televisor was on, and some classic drama was playing itself out in an unregarded whisper. Randu had hitched himself into a more comfortable position on the low couch and gazed past the slow smoke of his long pipe to where Bayta had knelt down upon the softness of the white fur mat brought back once long ago from a treat mission and now spread out only upon the most ceremonious occasions.You have studied history, my girl? he asked, pleasantly.Bayta nodded. I was the despair of my teachers, but I learned a bit, eventually.A citation for scholarship, put in Toran, smugly, thats allAnd what did you learn? proceeded Randu, smoothly.Everything? Now? laughed the girl.The old man s miled gently. Well then, what do you think of the Galactic situation?I think, said Bayta, concisely, that a Seldon crisis is pending and that if it isnt then away with the Seldon plan altogether. It is a failure.(Whew, muttered Fran, from his comer. What a way to speak of Seldon. But he said nothing aloud.)Randu sucked at his pipe speculatively. Indeed? Why do you say that? I was to the Foundation, you know, in my younger days, and I, too, once thought great dramatic thoughts. But, now, why do you say that?Well, Baytas eyes misted with thought as she curled her bare toes into the white softness of the rug and nestled her little chin in one plump hand, it seems to me that the whole essence of Seldons plan was to create a world better than the ancient one of the Galactic Empire. It was failing apart, that world, three centuries ago, when Seldon first launch the Foundation and if history speaks truly, it was falling apart of the triple disease of inertia, despotism, and maldistribut ion of the goods of the universe.Randu nodded slowly, while Toran gazed with proud, luminous eyes at his wife, and Fran in the comer clucked his tongue and carefully refilled his glass.Bayta said, If the story of Seldon is true, he foresaw the complete collapse of the Empire through his Jaws of psychohistory, and was able to predict the necessary thirty thousand years of barbarism before the establishment of a new Second Empire to restore civilization and culture to humanity. It was the whole aim of his life-work to set up such conditions as would insure a speedier rejuvenation,The deep voice of Fran burst out, And thats why he established the two Foundations, honor be to his name.And thats why he established the two Foundations, assented Bayta. Our Foundation was a hookup of the scientists of the dying Empire intended to carry on the science and learning of man to new heights. And the Foundation was so situated in space and the historic environment was such that through the careful calculations of his genius, Seldon foresaw that in one thousand years, it would become a newer, greater Empire.There was a reverent silence.The girl said softly, Its an old story. You all know it. For almost three centuries every human being of the Foundation has known it. But I thought it would be appropriate to go through it just quickly. Today is Seldons birthday, you know, and even if I am of the Foundation, and you are of Haven, we have that in common-She lit a cigarette slowly, and watched the glowing purpose absently. The laws of history are as absolute as the laws of physics, and if the probabilities of error are greater, it is only because history does not deal with as many humans as physics does atoms, so that individual variations count for more. Seldon predicted a series of crises through the thousand years of growth, each of which would force a new turning of our history into a pre-calculated path. It is those crises which direct us and therefore a crisis must come now.Now she repeated, forcefully. Its almost a century since the last one, and in that century, every evil of the Empire has been repeated in the Foundation. Inertia Our ruling class knows one law no change. Despotism They know one rule force. Maldistribution They know one desire to hold what is theirs.While others starve wailed Fran suddenly with a mighty blow of his fist upon the arm of his chair. Girl, your words are pearls. The fat guts on their moneybags ruin the Foundation, while the brave Traders hide their poverty on dregs of worlds like Haven. Its a disgrace to Seldon, a forming of dirt in his face, a spewing in his beard. He raised his arm high, and then his face lengthened. If I had my other arm If once they had listened to meDad, said Toran, take it easy.Take it easy. Take it easy, his father mimicked savagely. Well live here and die here forever and you say, take it easy.Thats our modern Lathan Devers, said Randu, gesturing with his pipe, this Fran of ours. Devers died in the slave mines eighty years ago with your husbands great-grandfather, because he lacked intelligence and didnt lack heart-Yes, by the Galaxy, Id do the same if I were he, swore Fran. Devers was the greatest Trader in history greater than the overblown windbag, Mallow, the Foundationers worship. If the cutthroats who lord the Foundation killed him because he love justice, the greater the blood-debt owed them.Go on, girl, said Randu. Go on, or, surely, hell talk a the night and rave all the next day.Theres nothing to go on about, she said, with a sudden gloom. There must be a crisis, but I dont know how to make one. The progressive forces on the Foundation are oppressed fearfully. You Traders may have the will, but you are hunted and disunited. If all the forces of good will in and out of the Foundation could combine-Frans laugh was a raucous jeer. Listen to her, Randu, listen to her. In and out of the Foundation, she says. Girl, girl, theres no hope in the flab-sides of t he Foundation. Among them some hold the whip and the rest are whipped dead whipped. Not enough spunk left in the whole rotten world to outface one good Trader.Baytas attempted interruptions broke feebly against the overwhelming wind.Toran leaned over and put a hand over her mouth. Dad, he said, coldly, youve never been on the Foundation. You know nothing about it. I tell you that the underground there is brave and daring enough. I could tell you that Bayta was one of them-All right, boy, no offense. Now, wheres the cause for anger? He was genuinely perturbed.Toran drove on fervently, The trouble with you, Dad, is that youve got a provincial outlook. You think because some hundred thousand Traders scurry into holes on an unwanted planet at the end of nowhere, that theyre a great people. Of course, any evaluate collector from the Foundation that gets here never leaves again, but thats cheap heroism. What would you do if the Foundation sent a fleet?Wed blast them, said Fran, sharply.A nd get blasted with the balance in their favor. Youre outnumbered, outarmed, outorganized and as soon as the Foundation thinks it worth its while, youll realize that. So you had better seek your allies on the Foundation itself, if you can.Randu, said Fran, looking at his brother like a great, helpless bull.Randu took his pipe away from his lips, The boys right, Fran. When you listen to the little thoughts deep inside you, you know he is. But theyre uncomfortable thoughts, so you drown them out with that roar of yours. But theyre still there. Toran, Ill tell you why I brought all this up.He puffed thoughtfully awhile, then dipped his pipe into the neck of the tray, waited for the silent flash, and withdrew it clean. Slowly, he filled it again with precise tamps of his little finger.He said, Your little suggestion of Foundations interest in us, Toran, is to the point. There have been two recent visits lately for tax purposes. The disturbing point is that the second visitor was acc ompanied by a light patrol ship. They landed in Gleiar City vainglorious us the miss for a change and they never lifted off again, naturally. But now theyll surely be back. Your father is aware of all this, Toran, he really is. insure at the stubborn rakehell. He knows Haven is in trouble, and he knows were helpless, but he repeats his formulas. It warms and protects him. But once hes had his say, and roared his defiance, and feels hes discharged his duty as a man and a Bull Trader, why hes as reasonable as any of us.Any of who? asked Bayta.He smiled at her. Weve formed a little group, Bayta just in our city. We havent done anything, yet. We havent even managed to contact the other cities yet, but its a start.But towards what?Randu shook his head. We dont know-yet. We hope for a miracle. We have decided that, as you say, a Seldon crisis must be at hand. He gestured widely upwards. The Galaxy is full of the chips and splinters of the broken Empire. The generals swarm. Do you supp ose the time may come when one will grow bold?Bayta considered, and shook her head decisively, so that the long straight hair with the single inward curl at the end swirled about her ears. No, not a chance. Theres not one of those generals who doesnt know that an attack on the Foundation is suicide. Bel Riose of the old Empire was a better man than any of them, and he attacked with the resources of a galaxy, and couldnt win against the Seldon Plan. Is there one general that doesnt know that?But what if we spur them on?Into where? Into an atomic furnace? With what could you possibly spur them?Well, there is one a new one. In this past year or two, there has come word of a strange man whom they call the Mule.The Mule? She considered. Ever hear of him, Torie?Toran shook his head. She said, What about him?I dont know. But he wins victories at, they say, impossible odds. The rumors may be exaggerated, but it would be interesting, in any case, to become acquainted with him. Not every man with sufficient ability and sufficient ambition would believe in Hari Seldon and his laws of psychohistory. We could encourage that disbelief. He might attack.And the Foundation would win.Yes but not necessarily easily. It might be a crisis, and we could take advantage of such a crisis to force a compromise with the despots of the Foundation. At the worst, they would forget us long enough to enable us to plan farther.What do you think, Torie?Toran smiled feebly and pulled at a loose brown curl that fell over one eye. The way he describes it, it cant hurt but who is the Mule? What do you know of him, Randu?Nothing yet. For that, we could use you, Toran. And your wife, if shes willing. Weve talked of this, your father and I. Weve talked of this thoroughly.In what way, Randu? What do you want of us? The young man cast a quick inquisitive look at his wife.Have you had a honeymoon?Well yes if you can call the trip from the Foundation a honeymoon.How about a better one on Kalgan? Its se mitropical beaches water sports bird hunting quite the vacation spot. Its about seven thousand parsecs in-not too far.Whats on Kalgan?The Mule His men, at least. He took it last month, and without a battle, though Kalgans warlord broadcast a threat to blow the planet to ionic dust before giving it up.Wheres the warlord now?He isnt, said Randu, with a shrug. What do you say?But what are we to do?I dont know. Fran and I are old were provincial. The Traders of Haven are all essentially provincial. Even you say so. Our trading is of a very restricted sort, and were not the Galaxy roamers our ancestors were, Shut up, Fran But you two know the Galaxy. Bayta, especially, speaks with a nice Foundation accent. We merely wish whatever you can find out. If you can make contact but we wouldnt expect that. Suppose you two think it over. You can meet our entire group if you wish oh, not before next week. You ought to have some time to catch your breath.There was a breaking and then Fran roare d, Who wants another drink? I mean, besides me?