Essay on Introduction to Orientalism by Edward Said

In his introduction to the term â€Å"Orientalism,† Edward Said begins by paraphrasing the writing of a French journalist’s view of the present-day Orient in order to express the major common Western misconception about the East. This misconception exists in the Western mind, according to Said, as if it were irrelevant that the Orient itself was actually sociologically affected. He then goes on to describe the basis of Orientalism, as it is rooted in the Western consciousness. Said uses the phrase â€Å"The Other† to describe the Western fascination with the Orient. This is a reference to Jacques Lacan’s terminology, which describes the mirror stage of development. This is the stage in growth during which children supposedly learn their own†¦show more content†¦The second definition draws attention to this distinction and clarifies Orientalism, while also extending its breadth to all that is not considered West (The Middle East, India, Russia, etc.). Said notes that there has been a fair amount of interchange over the last few centuries over these two theoretical fields of coming to terms with the Orient. Said then proposes a third definition of Orientalism, using an analysis substantially more applicable in the historical context. Orientalism as the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient, as the Western authority has done. He professes to be motivated here by Foucault’s notion of a discourse. Michel Foucault’s theories that have come to bear on this discussion are his ideas of the critical relationship under which the ontology of subject and object come to be known and how these associations may come to constitute knowledge. According to Foucault, the problem is not isolating any empirical conditions that may bring about this subjectivity, but to determine what the subject is and to what conditions it is subject. Said’s application of this theory fits his third definition well, and provides a strong platform for the rest of his argument. The Orient has, for much of history, been the active object to the European missionary and scientist positions.1 He then listsShow MoreRelatedEssay Orientalism865 Words   |  4 PagesOrient. Edward Said’s â€Å"Introduction† to Orientalism aids readers in understanding the basis for Rhonda Vander Sluis’s companions – prejudice and stereotype – in her search for identity in Turkey. More than anything else, in his â€Å"Introduction† to Orientalism Edward Said attempts to educate his readers about the flaws he sees in the European notion of Orientalism. He identifies generalization as the root cause of differences and misunderstanding between Europe and the Orient. As Said sees itRead MoreButterfly : A Romantic Drama Directed By David Cronenberg1515 Words   |  7 PagesSong is a Communist agent that disguised by a male. There are varied themes that present in this film, which are stereotypes, ideology, Orientalism, imperialism and sexism in comparison to both East and West cultures. This paper will focus on different aspects of ideology between East and Western cultures; following up with more specific examine on how Orientalism plays in this film and how I interpreted this set of system. Cronenberg present variety stereotypes in this motion picture, whether inRead MorePacific Geopolitics During The 21st Century1788 Words   |  8 PagesCritical Review Critically discuss Edward Said’s key points/arguments (from Orientalism) and the extent to which these are relevant to the Pacific. Hayley Catlow Introduction Orientalism tries to answer the question of why, when we think of the Orient, we have a preconceived notion of what kind of people live there, what they believe, and how they act; even when we may have never been there or met anyone from there. Said argues that the way we acquire this knowledgeRead MoreThe Idea of Orientalism Portrayed in James Camerons Avatar3778 Words   |  16 PagesThe Idea of Orientalism Portrayed in James Cameron’s Avatar Abstract In brief, this study discusses about the representation of orientalism idea which is portrayed in the film Avatar. The film tells about the conflict between human and native people in Planet Pandora, where human exploits the land and oppresses the native. This study explores in what way the idea of orientalism is represented and how both narrative and non-narrative aspects of the film helped in delivering that representationRead MoreThe Representation of Colonized People in Rudyard Kipling’s Poem â€Å"the White Man’s Burden†: an Unrealistic Representation3227 Words   |  13 Pages1- Introduction In the modern world history, Western countries have mastered a vast part of the world. And this kind of control, based on domination and subordination, aroused mainly from colonialism and imperialism like the power of the British Empire over many colonized countries in the world. Thus, this imperial power had intensively engaged writers’ attention. Among those major writers is Rudyard Kipling. He is a British novelist and poet who was born in British India in 1865 and died inRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Homi K. Bhabhas How Newness Enters The World: Postmodern space, postcolonial times and the trials of cultural translation1610 Words   |  7 PagesDifference, Discrimination, and the Discourse of Colonialism, he stated, There is always, in Said, the suggestion that colonial power is possessed entirely by the colonizer which is a historical and theoretical simplification (200). He asserted that colonization is not just a conscious body of knowledge (Saids manifest Orient alism) but also the unconscious positivity of fantasy and desire (Bhabhas latent Orientalism) (Young, White Mythologies 181). Bhabha used that vantage point — of liminal spacesRead MoreOrientalism in Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North2758 Words   |  12 PagesWilliam Usdin ENGL 157 – Exam #1 8.15.12 Orientalism in Tayeb Salih’s Season of Migration to the North â€Å"Prospero, you are the master of illusion. Lying is your trademark. And you have lied so much to me (lied about the world, lied about me) that you have ended by imposing on me an image of myself. Underdeveloped, you brand me, inferior, that is the way you have forced me to see myself, I detest the image! What’s more, it’s a lie! But now I know you, you old cancer, and I know myself as well.† CalibanRead More Outside the Teaching Machine by Gayatri Spivak2753 Words   |  11 PagesIt is hardly debatable that Edward W. Said’s Orientalism (1978) has been the foundational text of what has come to be known as postcolonial studies. In the book, Said charts the Western world’s construction(s) of â€Å"an inferior East† by underscoring how the authorizing/ authoritative â€Å"Occident† continues to produce an objectified and negatively stereotyped â€Å"Orient;† Drawing on Foucault’s concept of â€Å"discourse† and Gramsci’s notion of â€Å"hegemony,† Said traces the evolution of European power/ knowledgeRead MoreLiterary Origins, Cultural Relevance, And Documentary Techniques2930 Words   |  12 Pagesperspective of the era from which the modern vampire emerged. Literary theorist Edward Said states, Taking the late eighteenth century as a very roughly defined starting point Orientalism can be discussed and analyzed as the corporate institution for dealing with the Orient - dealing with it by making statements about it, authorizing views of it, describing it, by teaching it, settling it, ruling over it: in short, Orientalism is a Western style for dominating, restructuring, and having authority overRead MoreA Post-Colonial Analysis of Mr. Know-All and Man-to-Man3054 Words   |  13 PagesEurocentrism is known as Orientalism, which is a specific form of othering defined and proposed by Edward Said. He sees the purpose of Orientalism as â€Å"to produce a positive national self -definition for Western nations by contrast with Eastern nations upon which the West projects all the negative characteristics... (Tyson 367)† Within this concept, Colonizers’ contrived separation of the â€Å"self† and the â€Å"†other† can easily find its counterpart. For Said notes, orientalism is a stereotype based upon

Negative Attitudes Toward The Homeless Essay - 1174 Words

With homelessness effecting 2.3-3.5 million people within any given year, negative attitudes towards homeless individuals and homelessness in general are increasing. Many people view the homeless as smelly criminals, who may have some sort of mental disability, and are aggressive, dangerous beggars. States like Georgia and California hold, what we would consider, the â€Å"meanest† laws in regard to homelessness. Some include: an individual may be arrested for sleeping on a beach, sidewalk, rooftop, or alleyway, and an individual can be arrested for panhandling, even when they are seeking refuge from a disaster. These assumptions led to higher negative stereotypes which pulls the focal attention away from the actual issues of homeless individuals. This study looks to answer whether or not the negative attitudes toward the homeless can be changed? Christina Wisehart, Mark Whatley, and Deborah Briihl decided to study this by conducting an experiment that was measured, at the end , by survey. The recruited ninety-seven students from two undergraduate psychology courses at Valdosta State University. Once they arrived at the experiments location, no other information was told except where to meet, they were each given a packet that was labeled with an even or odd number. Each packet contained a consent form, a demographic form, and Attitudes Toward Homeless Inventory, and a free Chik-Fil-A coupon. Even numbers were to report to Ballroom B and odd numbers to Ballroom C. After readingShow MoreRelatedStudent s Perceptions Of Homeless Persons Essay886 Words   |  4 Pages Student’s Perceptions of Homeless Persons Of Different Ethnic or Racial Heritage Kevin Knox Missouri State University Summer 2015 Submitted to: Dr. Michelle Day Dr. Joan McClennen â€Æ' The life experience students in the human services field bring with them may affect their ability to interact with certain populations. These life experiences form the basis of each individual’s perceptions of certain situations, populations, or individuals. These perceptions may be influenced by their politicalRead MoreEssay Homelessness in Canada1214 Words   |  5 Pagesissue and how it is causing the homeless to not receive the help that they need. This is an issue that needs to change, but due to NIMBYism, it is very difficult create such change. â€Å"One diverse population that has continued to increase over the quarter of a century is composed of people who are homeless† (Baggerly Zalaquett, 2006, p.155). Homelessness has become a growing problem in society because more and more people are finding themselves to be homeless and not knowing where to turn. ManyRead More`` Let Them Eat Code `` By Atossa Abrahamians871 Words   |  4 Pagesfocuses her discussion on technology entrepreneurs who approach alleviating homeless in a negative manner or exploit the homeless to benefit their businesses. Throughout her paper, Abrahamian examines numerous problematic instances in which technology moguls used the misfortune of homeless citizens as learning tool to develop innovations for their businesses. Abrahamian traces this exploitation to society’s tendency to view homeless individuals as â€Å"primordial† instead of human beings like the rest of humanityRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Mental Health976 Words   |  4 PagesThe physical and mental health of homeless individuals is considerably worse than that of the general population. The prevalence of mental health disorder is astronomically higher among the homeless population. The use of alcohol abuse is usually associated with one or two other psychological disorders. There are many people who have outside issues as well such as physical abuse, antisocial, and sexual abuse. Their motivation to get out of being homeless is usually poor because of poor motivationRead MoreHomeless People And The United States1648 Words   |  7 Pagesany major U.S. city poses an all too familiar challenge: avoid the gaze of the scores of homeless people begging on the sidewalks. While you might spare some change to a particularly disheveled looking woman, or a couple trying to buy food for their dog, it is customary to keep your head down in fear of interacting with one of the violent, homeless drunks that litter city streets. Conflict between homeless peo ple and the housed population is not a new phenomena in the United States. With one ofRead MoreThe Social Work Of A Social Worker1551 Words   |  7 Pagesembrace the principle of social justice and are committed to work toward achieving social change. In direct practice, social workers work with individuals living in poverty and subjected to all sorts of injustices. In social work, practitioners work in partnership with clients, when coming up with possible solutions to the presenting problems. 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Reflective Discourse

Question: Discuss about theReflective Discourse. Answer: Introduction: It amazes me how capacity planning, location planning and scheduling is done almost every day in our lives. From a simple dinner party to a large scale industry producing a range of products or an IT company delivering wide variety of services production planning is the most commonly used management process. This is the main reason why this topic has caught my attention. Understanding the core of the topic is quite simple as we perform this form of planning continuously in our lives. However, implementing the same in an industrial environment can get quite complicated if the topic is oversimplified. I have worked with a small organization in the past years as an operations manager and have had the opportunity to have a closer look on how capacity planning based on demand forecast is done. As a part of my tenure there, I also had to research on whether a new location had to be added for smooth production. I worked on a production line where downsizing and expanding the capacity of the line was seasonal. The organization produced food products that were in huge demand around Christmas and New Years while the rest of the year the production capacity was quite steady. Every quarter a decision making team was set up to decide on the capacity of the production line for that quarter. These decisions involved an analysis on the demand that has been forecasted, the sales done in the past quarter and the expected clients in the new quarter. This meeting was the most important meeting for a quarter from an operations manager point of view. The decision made here effected the human resources required, the machinery that could be cut done, hours in which we would have to work and so on. I had the opportunity of working here in a high demand quarter when the company backed a client that required a high capacity production. I was quite shocked to see how the entire production line had been transformed to meet the unexpected demand of a specific client. We had to adopt a flexible capacity strategy were quick thinking was required. I had to talk to the HR team to recruit line workers on contract for a month and the facilities team to set up the machinery that was usually not used in this season. Also, the new recruits had to be trained to operate the machinery. To set the right tone, we had to prepare a schedule and make sure that the SLA given to the client was met. Aggregate production planning was done, were we recruited and trained the new line workers and at the same time informed and procured raw material from our vendors. This helped me understand that when a sudden demand arises it is not just the producing company that gets effected but also the vendor that supplies raw material. I had to create a material requirement list for procurement. It is here that I realized that missing a single product or ordering less than the required quantity would cause mayhem in the production. The scheduling was again based on the demand and deadlines forecasted. Capacity has been increased. It was crucial here that each stage of the production had to be done in time to ensure that the next stage was not bottlenecked. Thanks to prior planning the schedule was followed well and the demand was fulfilled. The standby machine maintenance team ensured that there were no surprises. I learnt here that capacity planning, demand forecast, material planning and production planning all go hand in hand and production cannot be complete even if one single aspect misses. After this demand I was asked by the company to study the production process of the company and suggest if a new production facility was required. I had to go through the current machinery the company uses, the revenue it generates, the labor it has, the demand it gets and so on. The fact that we could expand the current facility when a spike in demand was seen helped me determine that a new facility was not required as long as machinery backup was available. Labor was contract based and hence could be requested at any time. Also, investing in a facility would cost the company a huge part of its revenue and I have advised them to not do it as the company was relatively new. They could rather invest in better machinery. After going through the topic, I realized how production planning is not as simple as it looks. With the help of the academic knowledge I have gained and the new techniques I have learned I would be able to increase my capacity as an operations manager.

Norse Runes, Divination, and Jackson Square an Example of the Topic History Essays by

Norse Runes, Divination, and Jackson Square At first, it would seem that Norse runes would have nothing in common with Jackson Square. After all, Norse runes have their history as far back as the fourth century in Norway and Jackson Square is firmly rooted in modern day New Orleans. What connects the two is the aspect of pination. Runes, once their usefulness as a part of a written language ended, were useful for their magical properties. However, the Elder Futhark runes have undergone a dramatic transformation during that time, which I find interesting. In this essay, I will briefly explain the original form and purpose of the Elder and Younger Futhark runes, their evolution into modern pination tools, and the way that the psychic readers of Jackson Square use them. Need essay sample on "Norse Runes, Divination, and Jackson Square" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed A Brief History of Norse Runes According to the American Museum of Natural History, runes have no clearly traceable history. The museum website states that the name rune suggests this, given its meaning, mystery, which comes from the Gothic root runa (par. 1). The figures were originally carved into stone or wood, a task that was made easier by their straight lines (American Museum of Natural History [AMNH] par. 2). I believe that this connection with the natural world may have been seen as an aid to pination, given that the early readers assigned them names and powers that were associated with natural creatures and items, not manufactured items. During my research, I found a list of the Elder Futhark runes. This list included pictures, as well as their names, meanings, uses, and the Latin letters and elements that they corresponded with. I was interested to learn that some runes represented more than one letter, either independently or in combination. For example, a rune that resembles a lesser than caret, Kenaz, represents the letters K, C, or Q. It is up to the inpidual reading the text to decide the proper letter being associated with, if such a distinction existed. In addition, a rune that resembles a modified P, called Thurisaz, represents the letter combination th (Meanings 1).Runes were never intended to support or represent a spoken language; instead, they were used solely as a written language or as symbols on their own (AMNH pars. 2-3). The Elder Futhark set of runes consist of a common set of 24 runes had spread across northern Europe, based on Etruscan and possibly Greek and Latin origins (AMNH par. 1). These 24 runes had only one case and, like the horizontal words in word search puzzles, were not read in any set direction (AMNH par. 1). Runes were eventually replaced by the Latin alphabet as the Christian church broadened its reach across Europe. The Elder Futhark runes remain in use in New Age practices today (AMNH par. 4). Divination Todays New Age practices have precedent; as early rune casters used the runes to predict the future. They linked the runes to specific gods and meanings (AMNH par. 3), laying out the runes in certain patterns to foretell events. Paul Rhys Mountfort notes that: The Runes contain a blueprint or road map to the Northern Mysteries, and, above and beyond their fortune-telling role, a kind of initiation into a profound cultural tradition. By using the Runes, the reader can not only access this unique wisdom tradition but also participate in its contemporary revival. It is an interesting observation; however, I think it lacks validity, since so little is truly known about the original, traditional use of runes. Even Mountfort acknowledges that the origin of the Elder Futhark runes is unknown, although he theorizes on its origin being from the north of Italy and associated with the Germanic tribe that were in the region (19). Mountfort explains that the runes are each assigned one of several values: gods and other supernatural beings, nature, animals, and actions. He also theorizes that the magical characteristics of an earlier primitive Swedish script may have influence the development of the Elder Futhark (21). The use of runes in pination probably didnt take place until the age of the Vikings, although Mountfort expresses the opinion that pination may have been one purpose for their being created (57). Two things are certain, however. First, the runes are connected by names and meanings to the Norse myths. Second, the runes are connected to the natural world. And, according to Mountfort, the runes are relevant even in todays world. He states that by applying their meaning to the actual contours of our present-day lives, we ensure that not only the Runes but also these attendant tales take on a powerful, contemporary relevance (57). Nature and the natural world seem to be the farthest thing from the minds of todays piner, however. Although early rune casters certainly had rituals, ritual devoid of meaning seems to be part of learning about using the runes today. Paxson recommends rune groups that sound more like study groups than religious groups. Thee group members use the same book and also have a notebook in which to take notes on discussions, collect handouts, record the results of inpidual work [. . .] (Paxson 18). Diane Paxson then goes on to discuss scheduling and dress. She recommends dressing appropriately, which might help the rune caster shift into a Norse mode of consciousness (20). What this mode of consciousness is supposed to be, Paxson does not explain. However, she does go on to recommend her own book, called Germanic Costume, which contains illustrations of, and patterns for, such clothing. Although the Paxsons book soon moves into discussion of the runes themselves, the first part of the book seems to make rune casting into playacting, robbing the rituals of a lot of their legitimacy. Jackson Square The Tarot card readers and amateur psychics that once littered the majority of Jackson Square are largely gone now, first cleared out by a prominent member of the New Orleans City Council member, Jacquelyn Brechtel Clarkson, and then by Hurricane Katrina. As the city rebuilds, the readers will filter back; as long as there are tourists to provide tips, artists, readers and street acts will be a part of that city. What I found most interesting about these alleged psychics was that, although the Jackson Square readers are considered something of an unsavory element by some, even they are pided on who should be permitted to set up in the Square. It is clear to me from Glynn Wilsons article that Clarkson has a personal mission to prevent certain people from using Jackson Square. The people of whom she approves appear to be artists and tourists. In addition, Clarkson at least tolerates the restaurateurs and shop owners, and perhaps even the tour guides, although all of these people do little more than lend a pedestrian air to the site. In the past, Clarkson passed ordinances that prevented the readers from setting up tables for their trade (Wilson par. 2) and replaced the old benches in the Square with new ones that had center armrests, intended to prevent people from stretching out on them (Wilson pars. 12-13). Clearly, Clarkson feels that the Jackson Square readers are charlatans. The readers on Jackson Square primarily read Tarot cards and palms; however, some of them use runes on request. The readers who use runes sometimes use the commercially available set of ceramic runes. Unlike the early rune casters, it is rare to find a hand-carved set among the Jackson Square readers. Interestingly, however, the runes have undergone yet another transformation. In many cases, rune readers use rune cards, which are Tarot-style cards with depictions of the runes inscribed on them. In these cases, the runes have been transformed from living stone or wood to either commercially processed and artificial stone or printed slips of cardboard coated with plastic. In neither case is these things particularly original, nor are they in tune with the universe, since they are identical to every other manufactured set. In addition to these limitations, the meaning behind the runes have changed. Modern meanings have been assigned to the traditional runes by todays neopagans, moving the runes even further from the world and from the stories that they are intended to represent. Personal Observations and Conclusion The Norse myths have always fascinated me, ever since I was able to read and even partly understand them. The myths explained the natural world, just as the Greek and Roman myths did, so that the early cultures were able to make sense of the things going on around them. Even though I understood that there were no eight-legged horses and that a sprig of mistletoe could not swear to do no harm to anyone, young, old, or otherwise. But the stories spoke to me, just as they must have to the original listeners. The Norse myths seem to have been forgotten in the practice of using runes in pination today. Even if a person accepts the idea of psychics having real talent for predicting the future, many of the readers in Jackson Square today are more successful in reading people than they are much else. They are, in fact, better at pining hints from the people at their tables than they are in pining the secrets of the runes. I think that it is disturbing that so many things in our world have changed from their original form. However, few things seem to have changed as much as the runes and their original meaning. Originally, the runes were part of these stories and part of the world; now, however, you can actually print rune cards at home using computer software. Far from being part of the natural world, todays runes reflect the artifice of the modern world. If pination were ever possible in the past, I think that even the ancient rune casters would agree that it would not be possible today, given the lack of connection with the myths that drive their meanings. Works Cited American Museum of Natural History. The History of Runes. 29 May 2007. Mountfort, Paul Rhys. Nordic Runes: Understanding, Casting, and Interpreting the Ancient Viking Oracle. Rochester, VT: Destiny, 2003. Paxson, Diana L. Taking Up The Runes: A Complete Guide To Using Runes In Spells, Rituals, pination, And Magic. York Beach, ME: Red Wheel-Weiser, LLC, 2005 Wilson, Glynn. Battle of New Orleans Pits Artists against Psychics. Dallas Morning News. 25 May 2003. http://www.southerner.net/fast/dntexlaquarter.html>.

Music Exam Quizzes Flashcard

Music Exam Quizzes

Free Essays on Dear Tobacco Company Persuasive Essay

Dear tobacco company, Why do you insist on selling cigarettes? This question should be asked to tobacco companies everywhere. Why do people buy cigarettes? There are many questions we can ask smokers and their providers. Millions of people are dying every day from tobacco products. Cigarettes can cause cancer in your lungs and mouth. The cancer is very deadly, millions die from smoking related diseases each year. Second hand smoke can be worse for you than smoking itself. At least when your smoking you have a filter to block some of the 200+ chemicals that are in a cigarette. Second hand smoke is the full effect of all the harsh chemicals in smoking straight into your lungs so the effects are even greater than smoking. Smoking causes breathing problems such as emphysema and asthma just to name a few. It also causes three known cancers like throat, lung, mouth and perhaps many more. Smoking causes your immune system to weaken the longer you smoke, so you more likely to get very sick and take longer to get over a common cold. Smoking makes your breath really stink and it turns your fingers yellow. So tell me, why should you sell cigarettes? Is the money so great that you forget you can't replace your mom, dad, or your best friend? The danger list goes on and on..., but for now you will sell cigarettes to people and worry about the rest later, Smoking is one of the most addictive drugs out there and it kills millions a year. Thats still alright with you? I'm sorry, saddened and sickened by this fact that is why, I will never smoke. Cigarette smoke contains 4,000 chemical constituents and more than 40 of them are known to cause cancer in humans. Some experts say that it's usually not the nicotine that kills but these other chemicals†¦ Here are just a few ingredients you can find in cigarette smoke: Acetone, Generally used as solvent such as nail ... Free Essays on Dear Tobacco Company 'Persuasive Essay' Free Essays on Dear Tobacco Company 'Persuasive Essay' Dear tobacco company, Why do you insist on selling cigarettes? This question should be asked to tobacco companies everywhere. Why do people buy cigarettes? There are many questions we can ask smokers and their providers. Millions of people are dying every day from tobacco products. Cigarettes can cause cancer in your lungs and mouth. The cancer is very deadly, millions die from smoking related diseases each year. Second hand smoke can be worse for you than smoking itself. At least when your smoking you have a filter to block some of the 200+ chemicals that are in a cigarette. Second hand smoke is the full effect of all the harsh chemicals in smoking straight into your lungs so the effects are even greater than smoking. Smoking causes breathing problems such as emphysema and asthma just to name a few. It also causes three known cancers like throat, lung, mouth and perhaps many more. Smoking causes your immune system to weaken the longer you smoke, so you more likely to get very sick and take longer to get over a common cold. Smoking makes your breath really stink and it turns your fingers yellow. So tell me, why should you sell cigarettes? Is the money so great that you forget you can't replace your mom, dad, or your best friend? The danger list goes on and on..., but for now you will sell cigarettes to people and worry about the rest later, Smoking is one of the most addictive drugs out there and it kills millions a year. Thats still alright with you? I'm sorry, saddened and sickened by this fact that is why, I will never smoke. Cigarette smoke contains 4,000 chemical constituents and more than 40 of them are known to cause cancer in humans. Some experts say that it's usually not the nicotine that kills but these other chemicals†¦ Here are just a few ingredients you can find in cigarette smoke: Acetone, Generally used as solvent such as nail ...

ASSESSMENT ITEM 1, GEO 105 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ASSESSMENT ITEM 1, GEO 105 - Essay Example The Great Dividing Range stretching almost the whole length of the eastern continent separates the Outback from a narrow fertile strip on the east coast, where most of the country’s population is clustered; as also in the south-east region of the continent. Vast desert areas lie in Western Australia and in parts of central Australia. The country has a wide range of physical environments: landforms, geology, soils, climate, temperatures, atmosphere, water resources, rivers, coastlines, and rainfall. The native flora and fauna form the biological environment. In this assignment, for the comparative study of the physical and biological environmental features of two different places in Australia: one urban and one rural, the city of Perth and the Riverina area respectively have been selected. Perth is the only large city of over a million people, in the entire West Coast. It is the capital of Western Australia, which covers one-third of the continent. Most of the state’s land area is preserved in its pristine and natural form; as it is home to less than 10% of the continent’s population. Western Australia is one of the best eco-tourism destinations in the world: with various oceanic features like tropical islands, coral reef systems and dolphins in the sea waters, alongside towering forests and carpets of wild flowers (Ashworth, et al, 2004: p.89). Riverina Region: This agricultural and rural area lies in the southern part of New South Wales, to the north of Victoria. According to Swaffar, et al(2002: p.193), the Murray River which forms the border between New South Wales and Victoria, is one of the nation’s longest rivers, stretching nearly 1000 km from the Snowy Mountains to Wentworth where it merges with the Darling River (the longest river in Australia), near the border with South Australia. In recent years, these mighty rivers have

Why is Human Factors such a big issue in the aviation industry Essay

Why is Human Factors such a big issue in the aviation industry - Essay Example Maintenance work in this field involves working under extreme and hazardous environment and in case of an emergency the workload and pressure on the maintenance personal is immense. Flight cancellations and delays in take off can cost airlines dearly in today’s scenario. And in case of accidents the charges can be even more steep and it has to be met along with all the legal issues involved (Adams). Thus it is extremely vital for aviation personals to possess adequate knowledge dedication and efficiency in order to avoid accidents and contribute to the safety and security of the industry (Graeber). The aviation industry is currently taking all possible steps that would enhance the working conditions for the human factor and thereby help to reduce accident rate. This is carried out with the participation of specialists, technicians, crew and the customer. The various areas that are being addressed include improving deck design, and error reporting systems, better flight crew co mmunication, navigation and surveillance systems, developing user-friendly methods and tools for management, training human factors in handling and maintenance of the airplane, formation of the fault information team which will identify faults thus enabling the mechanics to maintain the operational efficiency of the airplane, involving customer inputs, and addressing human factor related issues such as fatigue and working conditions of the maintenance personal (Adams; Graeber). 1. Adams, Charlotte. â€Å"Human factors: Beyond the â€Å"Dirty Dozen†.† Aviation today. 1 Aug. 2009. Web. 21 Sept. 2010.

Research paper (How to Prepare a News Broadcast) Essay

Research paper (How to Prepare a News Broadcast) - Essay Example Selection of area to be addressed in the news is the first and foremost step of the planning process, that follows the decision. News needs to be planned at least one day in advance of the broadcasting time. The reporter should make effort to seek information about the topic selected from the most reliable sources available. In the planning phase, the reporter chooses the course of action that he/she would adopt to reach the sources of information. The reporter proceeds to know when and at what time the sources can be approached so as to cause minimum inconvenience both the reporter and the personnel representative of the sources. If required, the reporter has to seek an appointment with a department weeks in advance of the day of meeting. In addition to that, it is the responsibility of the reporter to prepare the questions he/she intends to ask the concerned authority prior to meeting him/her in person. Lack of former knowledge of queries can ruin the meeting and render it useless. The data collected needs to be organized appropriately so as to convey maximum information in minimum time, while retaining the quality of presentation. The report necessarily begins with a title that adequately reflects all that is to follow it. After the title, the first sentence is of prime importance because a listener decides whether to listen further or not on the basis of initial wording. â€Å"A good lead-in "teases" the viewer without giving away the story.† (Salvatore, 2009). Therefore, it should be interesting enough to make the audience curious to know further. It is extremely important to ensure that the report formulated answers who did what, when, where, why and how. These questions are commonly referred to as the â€Å"Five W’s and H Rule.† (White 32). A report that answers these questions is thought to be adequately equipped with all the information

Effect of Major Events on Host Community

Effect of Major Events on Host Community Do major events bring lasting benefit to host community? Introduction Most promoters of bids for major events, such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games or the world cup, submit as part of the reasoning behind the decision to bid the lasting benefits that it will bring economic benefit to the host community in the short and long term. Furthermore, this argument is used as a justification for the considerable involved in staging such events. For example, as can be seen from the budget and capital cost reports from Beijing, which is hosting the 2008 Olympics Games, whilst the operation of the games itself is targeted to make a small profit (see appendix 1, table 1), the construction and infrastructure costs have been estimated at over $1.4 billion (see appendix 1, table 2), which the BOCOG[1] and Chinese government state will be recovered as a result of the longer term economic benefits that these costs will bring to the area, in terms of increased trade, employment, tourism, international and local trade and other local social community benefits. However, whilst researchers of this issue appears to agree, at least for the immediate area where the event is located, for example Beijing, there is an immediate economic benefit during the staging of the events, there is a significant difference of opinion as to a) whether there is a economic benefit for the wider geographical area and b) whether there is a lasting economic benefit for the host community subsequent to the event. Within this paper it is intended to concentrate upon the latter of these two questions in an effort to prove or disprove the following hypothesis: â€Å"Events provide no lasting benefit to the host community.† To assist with this analysis, it is intended to use data from the Olympics in Atlanta (1996), Sydney (2000), Athens (2004), together with brief references to the Beijing 2008 Olympics. To assess whether the case is true in relation to other major events, which may not have such a global attraction, the Manchester Commonwealth Games of 2002 have also been included within the selection. Overview of Events As can been noted earlier the operational costs of hosting a major event is sizable and, due to increasing concerns in areas such as security, which includes prevention of terrorism, these have increased significantly over the years (Baade and Matheson. 2002a, p.5). In terms of this expense Baade and Matheson (2002a, p.6) with Salt Lake City as spending $300 million, which must cast doubt on the appropriateness of the $50 million Beijing is planning to spend on this item (see appendix 1, table 1). Thus, it is not surprising that there has been a chequered history in terms of the profitability of staging such massive events. In recent history an example of these extremes can be foun, with Montreal recorded a $1 billion loss for the 1976 games whilst Los Angeles made a profit of $250 million for hosting the same event in the 1984. Nevertheless, in most cases the majority of these operational costs, with careful planning, marketing and promotion, are expected to be recovered from sponso rship and TV rights, which has the potential of bringing in over $1 billion in revenue in today’s terms, if measured against the past expectations CBS (1998). These figures pale into insignificance when compared to the capital and infrastructure cost, which runs into Billion’s of dollars, the return on which cannot be so easily calculated. Thus, in order to achieve a national government commitment to assist with the funding of the event, it is the task of the promoters to attempt to show that these costs will have long-term economic benefits for the community. The following is a brief overview of the capital and infrastructure costs incurred by the four locations chosen for analysis. Based upon 1996 prices, the total direct cost of the Sydney Olympics was calculated to be around A$8.4 billion, (Madden 2002, p.9), which relates to around US$4 billion, although when final figures were available this showed a similar increase against budget as Atlanta. In his study into these costs, Madden (2002, p.9), allocated them over a 12-year period from 1994/95 to 2005/06 as indicated in the following graph: As can be seen from this the majority of the monies post the event was spent on international tourism. Of these costs about $600 million was spent directly upon games visitors, and these would therefore have been recoverable from the games revenues. This leaves approximately $7.8 billion to be quantified as costs that should have a lasting economic benefit, in addition the benefits incurred during the event. Athens 2004 The cost of the games in Athens, originally budgeted to cost $5.6 billion, actually rose to over $8.5 billion Associated Press (2004). Part of this additional cost was caused by an exceptionally large security costs which, being the first games to be held post the 9/11 tragedy, soared to $1.5 billion. With Beijing budgeting to spend $14.25 billion on capital and infrastructure and $1.625 billion on operating costs making a total of just under $16 billion, although many experts are predicting that this figure will increase to over $20 billion, it is clear from the following graph that the costs of the games will have doubled with every staging of the event over a twelve-year period (see figure 1). In 2002 Manchester played host to the Commonwealth games. Originally the budget for this event was set at around  £25 (approximately $50), but the final amount climbed to between  £70-80 million ($140-160 million). Of this amount  £17 million was spent on a performance legacy programme, deliberately targeted to produce long-term benefits for the community. As the Olympic Games increases are significantly higher than the rate of inflation that any of these areas have suffered during the same period, it is apparent that the accuracy of forecasting the longer term economic benefits is becoming even more critical to both the organisers and the regional and national governments that are being asked to help fund these costs. Furthermore, as has been demonstrated with all of these events, the calculations of initial budgeting show considerable under-estimation when compared with the final costs, which suggests that the reliability of the organisers costs in relation to the longer term benefits Long-term Economic Benefits To determine whether the capital and infrastructure cost of an event has a long term benefit to the host community, the assessment of this process can only bet determined by the future economic development that occurs within that geographical location (Fort and Fizel 2004, p.91). Therefore to evaluate the hypothesis set at the commencement of this research, it is intended to use three of these factors, these being increase in GDP, employment and tourism activity. GDP Growth domestic product is an indicator that shows how well the economy is growing, usually based upon a per capita figure. One of the main arguments of those promoting the benefits of hosting an event is that it will contribute significantly towards improving that figure over future years. In reality, this does not appear to be the case when analysing the result for the events indicated. In all cases there were economic improvements in terms of GDP during the periods leading up to the staging of the events, although in some instances, these were not as high had been projected. Similarly, in the longer term, these increases were not sustained. For example, taking Sydney and New South Wales as an example, as can be seen from the following graph, whist there was a significant rise in GDP during the years from 1994/05 to 2000/01, immediately the games were over, this fell back sharply to a year on year decrease. Studies conducted by researchers into the Atlanta and Athens games, including Baade, Robert A. Victor Matheson. (2002) and Gratton and Henry (2001) have shown a similar reaction in relation to the GDP in each of these cases, with rising levels during the build-up period to the games, but little to no benefit for the following periods. This position also appears to be relevant to the economic effects of lesser events, as can be evidenced by the research into the benefits of the Manchester Commonwealth Games in 2002 (Eurotec 2007). The initial impact was encouraging, as was noted by one of the organisers at the time, who said: â€Å"We estimated that  £22m in business benefits across the northwest derived from the Games at the time,† says Rosin. â€Å"There was  £2.7m added value for every  £1m invested. There has been investment in the financial sectors, in the city centre and in particular in east Manchester. Associated retail development and the creation of employment for local people in this area can be directly attributed to the Commonwealth Games† (Editorial (2007). However, a graph of the impact on output of the games and legacy programme in this case (see figure 4) shows that, as with the Olympics, despite the initial benefits achieved prior and during the time the event was staged, in this case exceeding expectations, the longevity of this was short, with it falling away rapidly within one year. It is apparent from these findings that the significant improvement to GDP would only be temporary in nature and as a result contributes little to the long term improvement of the local community environment (Fizel et al 1999, p.75). Assuming that a study of other events of a similar magnitude to those identified operated upon a similar basis, it is therefore apparent that the GDP benefit would be condensed into the period of the event and limited thereafter, Employment Tourism Tourism is another area against which the success of the games can be measured. Whilst, in most cases there is an increase in the physical numbers of tourists visiting the area in the years leading up to the event and subsequently, the benefit of this has to be evaluated against the additional facilities that have been provided as a part of the capital and infrastructure costs. For example, if one looks at the Beijing games, the intention is to build sufficient hotels in the area to be able to offer 130,000 (BOCOG 2007). As this represents an increase of around 20% of the number of rooms that are available, whilst an increase in tourism will have an impact upon the local economy in some areas, unless it is in excess of 20%, it will have a detrimental impact upon the hotel and catering sector, which will either force down the unit price per room or result in a decrease in occupancy, either of which will reduce the fiscal benefit. Thus the measurement of costs can be evaluated by either their socio-economic, environmental or the estimated direct future impact they will have on a countries gross domestic product (GDP). For Beijing, all of these improvements will therefore provide a useful economic legacy of the games if managed correctly. However, in addition to the intangible benefits, there are the intangible costs that also need to be measured, both in real terms and potential. These can be defined into two main areas being, local but external to the event, future but unanticipated. In addition to the determinants outlined above, there are others than need to be taken into the equation to provide a more detailed analysis. For example, there is the potential displacement issue related to local residents at the time of the event, where homes are lost to make way for the additional infrastructure projects (Fizel 1999, p.72). Secondly, there is the long-term use of the facilities. In the case of Sydney, the authorities are still paying around $46 million a year to maintain facilities that have remained uneconomic since the event (Owen 2005). Finally, the impact that the event has on trade outside of the area also needs to be considered. Research has show that, whilst the immediately area businesses benefit from the event, others further away from its location tend to show a downturn during that period when events are being staged. (Owen 2005). These represent hidden costs that are a) not always taken into account by the bid promoters and b) difficult to quantify in terms of amount and the length of time that they should be calculated over. Conclusion The research conducted for this paper has been limited in terms of the events covered and the timescale over which these have been studied, being restricted to five events over a 12 year period from 1996 to 2008. However, from the analysis of the events used within this paper it can be seen that in the main, the hypothesis set at the commencement of this paper has been proven. Whilst most of the events showed an immediate economical benefit, this did not last for a significant period. Therefore, on balance of probabilities. we would agree with the statement made by Baade and Matheson (2002, p.28) which stated that the evidence suggests that the economic impact of the Olympics is transitory, onetime changes rather than a steady-state chane., Similarly, with the increasing costs of operating and staging these events showing every sign of continuing to escalate, the opportunity to reverse this trend will become even more difficult in the immediate to long term future, especially when on e takes into account the fact that even the cost of the London Olympics has exceeded the budgeted estimates. There appears to be two main reasons for the differential between the projected benefits and the actuality. The first of these relates to the accuracy of initial estimates, which as has been shown within the costings of the events studied, is significantly lower than they should be, which could be result from an effort to make the bids more attractive to the community and nation hosting the event or as a result of problems being experienced within the project management process. Secondly, it would appear that the economic determinants being used by the organisers are failing to pay enough attention to the results of previous events when creating their own model. All of these issues need to be addressed when making such projections and it will be interesting to revisit the issue following the Beijing games in 2008 to see whether any lessons have been learned in this respect. These issues have to be managed correctly if they are to stand a chance of producing a long term economic benef it (Humphreys and Hummer 1995, p. 6). References Arthur Andersen, Hospitality and Leisure Services, â€Å"The Sydney Olympic Performance Survey: The Sydney Olympic Games on the Australian Hotel Industry,† Mimeograph, November 2000, pp.1-7. Associated Press (2004). Games cost Athens over $8.5 Billion. Retrieved 30 November 2007 from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/5761646/ Baade, Robert A. Victor Matheson. (2002). Bidding for the Olympics: Fools Gold? In Transatlantic Sport, edited by Barros, Ibrahim, and Szymanski. Edward Elgar Publishing. New York, US. Baade, Robert A. Victor Matheson. (2002a). Mega-Sporting Events in Dveloping Nations: Playing the Way to Prosperity. Retrieved 30 November 2007 from http://www.williams.edu/Economics/wp/mathesonprosperity.pdf CBS (1998). Television, sponsorship revenue could top $800 million. CBS Sportsline wire reports. Retrieved 27 November 2007 from http://cbs.sportsline.com/u/olympics/nagano98/news/feb98/revenue2398.htm Country Update (2004). Practicality is the New Watchword as Beijing Olympics Projects Move Forward. Eunited Stataes Embassy, Beijing, China. Editorial (2004). Beijing Olympiad: Profit or Loss? China Today. 5th November. Retrieved 25 November 2007 from http://www1.china.org.cn/english/sports/111340.htm Editorial (2007). Glasgow 2014 – the bid legacy – after the event. Glasgow Business Guide. Retrieved 1 December 2007 from http://www.glasgowbusinessguide.co.uk/show_article.php?artID=156 Eurotec (2007) An Evaluation of the Commonwealth Games Legacy Programme. Retrieved 2 December 2007 from http://www.manchester.gov.uk/downloads/Evaluation_of_Commonwealth_Games_Legacy_programme.pdf Finance (2007). BOCOG Budget. Retrieved 26 November 2007 from http://images.beijing-2008.org/upload/lib/bidreport/zt5.pdf Fizel, John., Gustafson, Elizabeth and Hadley, Lawrence (1999). Sports Economics: Current Research. Praeger Publishers. Westport, US. Fort, Rodney D and Fizel, John (2004). International Sports Economics. Praeger Publishers. Westport, US. Gratton, Chris and Henry, Ian (2001) Sport in the City: The Role of Sport in Economic and Social Regeneration. Routledge. London, UK Humphreys, Jeffrey L and Plummer, Michael K (2003). The economic impact of hosting the 1996 summer Olympics. Retrieved 1 December 2007 from http://www.selig.uga.edu/forecast/olympics/OLYMTEXT.HTM Humphreys, Jeffrey M. and Michael K. Plummer (1995). The Economic Impact of Hosting the 1996 Summer Olympics. Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games. Atlanta, US.. Madden, John R (2002). The Economic Consequences of the Sydney Olympics: The CREA/Andersen Study. Current Issues In Tourism. Vol 5, No 1, pp.7-21. Owen, Jeffrey G (2005). Estimating the Cost and Benefit of Hosting the Olympic Games: What can Beijing expect from its 2008 Games. The Industrial Geographer. Fall 2005 Appendices Appendix 1 Table 1 BOCOG operating Budget Source: from http://images.beijing-2008.org/upload/lib/bidreport/zt5.pdf Table 2 BOCOG Construction costs Source: from http://images.beijing-2008.org/upload/lib/bidreport/zt5.pdf 1 Footnotes [1] Beijing Organising Committee for the Olympic Games

Clone Or Not To Clone? :: essays research papers

â€Å"To Clone, Or Not To Clone?† Did you ever imagine having a child that is the exact replica of you? Did you ever imagine of having the cure for heart disease or cancer? Well, these fantasies are not far from reach. The way we could reach these fantasies is through a process called cloning. Cloning is the replication of an exact genetic copy of an organism by use of a somatic tissue (or cell) from the donor organism. Cloning can be used in humans, human organs, or even animals. There are many advantages and disadvantages of cloning. There are many benefits of cloning. A benefit of cloning is shown through the future of the medical field. Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States. Scientists predict that in the near future they will be able to clone healthy heart cells and inject them into damaged areas. Technology like this is obviously in great need but is harder and harder with the current bans on cloning. Yet another discovery that scientists and doctors are anticipating is the cloning of cells and tissues. If doctors can take healthy cells and tissue from a patient’s body and use them to make organs, the chance that the body would reject the organ is drastically reduced, if not eliminated. This would undoubtedly increase the survival rate of patients undergoing organ transplants. With continued research in cloning procedures, scientists predict they will be able to find a cure for cancer by learning how to switch cells on and off. An increasing amount of people are diagnosed with can cer each year, and a cure for this dreadful disease is long past due. But, cures for these diseases are nearly impossible with the government’s ban and the absence of federal funding. Through these kinds of reasons, cloning shows an infinite amount of advantages in the medical field. Another benefit of cloning is so that infertile couples could have children. Despite getting a fair amount of publicity in the news, current treatments for infertility are not very successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before possible. Another benefit of cloning is cloning human organs or body parts. Clone Or Not To Clone? :: essays research papers â€Å"To Clone, Or Not To Clone?† Did you ever imagine having a child that is the exact replica of you? Did you ever imagine of having the cure for heart disease or cancer? Well, these fantasies are not far from reach. The way we could reach these fantasies is through a process called cloning. Cloning is the replication of an exact genetic copy of an organism by use of a somatic tissue (or cell) from the donor organism. Cloning can be used in humans, human organs, or even animals. There are many advantages and disadvantages of cloning. There are many benefits of cloning. A benefit of cloning is shown through the future of the medical field. Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States. Scientists predict that in the near future they will be able to clone healthy heart cells and inject them into damaged areas. Technology like this is obviously in great need but is harder and harder with the current bans on cloning. Yet another discovery that scientists and doctors are anticipating is the cloning of cells and tissues. If doctors can take healthy cells and tissue from a patient’s body and use them to make organs, the chance that the body would reject the organ is drastically reduced, if not eliminated. This would undoubtedly increase the survival rate of patients undergoing organ transplants. With continued research in cloning procedures, scientists predict they will be able to find a cure for cancer by learning how to switch cells on and off. An increasing amount of people are diagnosed with can cer each year, and a cure for this dreadful disease is long past due. But, cures for these diseases are nearly impossible with the government’s ban and the absence of federal funding. Through these kinds of reasons, cloning shows an infinite amount of advantages in the medical field. Another benefit of cloning is so that infertile couples could have children. Despite getting a fair amount of publicity in the news, current treatments for infertility are not very successful. Couples go through physically and emotionally painful procedures for a small chance of having children. Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. Human cloning could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before possible. Another benefit of cloning is cloning human organs or body parts.

Edi, Wap

CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. WHAT IS EDI? 3. WHY USE EDI? 4. ADVANTAGES OF EDI OVER A PAPER-BASED DOCUMENT TRANSFER SYSTEM 5. HOW EDI WORKS? 6. EDI COMPONENTS 7. FILE TYPES. 8. EDI SERVICES. 9. CONCLUSION. INTRODUCTION Everybody uses business connections of one sort or another to get orders, send bills, make collections, determine and pay what it owes, move goods, and control its money. The business connections used historically to perform these operations have been the postal service and the telephone. A relatively new link is electronic data communications facilities.Your links to business connections are limited to the mail and the telephone. Both are slow. Both terminate with that wall of people who feed the computer and who may make errors. What your company needs is a better link to business connections and that is what electronic data interchange is all about. To appreciate what electronic data interchange (EDI) means, think about all those orders, invoices, freight bills, ship ment instructions, tracing requests, payment instructions, government reports, and the like that your company sends out or receives every day.Think about each as a single transaction. WHAT IS EDI? Traditionally, the transfer of data from one company to another has been by paper documents. This is known as a paper-based system. These documents have to be manually forwarded and entered to the destination computer. EDI is the electronic exchange of structured business information, in standard formats, between computers, EDI eliminates the need for a paper-based system by providing an electronic link between companies. This reduces data entry tasks and improves business cycle times.EDI is the electronic transfer of structured business documents in an organization–internally among groups of departments or externally with its suppliers, customers and subsidiaries. In EDI information is passed electronically from one computer to another over a network without having to be read, rety ped or printed. The information transferred must have a defined structure agreed between your company, and the company or group you send and receive data from. Any company or group which uses EDI is called a TRADING PARTNER.Examples of current uses of EDI includes automatic teller machines (ATMs) in banks where EDI is used for transferring and withdrawing funds between different bank accounts, airline reservation systems, stock exchange transactions and car reservation systems. USE OF EDI: The data from one computer is normally not in a form suitable to be entered directly into another computer. The data may have to be arranged differently before it can be entered into another computer or some items of data may not be needed at all. With EDI, all the data is converted unto an agreed standard format before it is sent over the network.The computer that receives the data can then extract the information it requires. Using EDI implies three things: 1. Information is transferred electron ically rather than on paper. This means that there is no need to enter the data manually in the destination computer. 2. Information is transferred between trading partners who have negotiated trading agreements and have formalized their data transfer system. 3. Information that is transferred complies with agreed standards for the format of the content and the transmission control mechanisms.ADVANTAGES OF EDI OVER A PAPER-BASED DOCUMENT TRANSFER SYSTEM This section highlights the advantages EDI has over a traditional paper-based document transfer system. In a Paper-based System: ? A software application generates a paper document on a form. ? Copies of the document are made. Some are passed to internal departments to be filled, other copies are sent to the trading partner via the postal service. ? The trading partner receives the document and retypes the information on the form into their computer. This retyping often introduces errors. The trading partner generates a paper acknowl edgement and this is sent to the originating company. The transfer of documents in a paper-based system could take a considerable length of time. In an EDI System: ? The application program generates a file, which contains the processed document. ? The document is converted to an agreed standard format. ? The file containing the document is sent electronically over the network. This network links the originating company and its trading partner. ? The file containing the document arrives at the trading partner.It is translated into the correct format and transferred to the recipient's application. ? A receipt is automatically generated and sent over the network t the originating company. EDI transmits documents to the trading partner's application in a very short period of time and with no human intervention. HOW EDI WORKS? Regardless of the format chosen, companies using EDI communicate with their trading partners in one of two ways: Either they exchange data with several trading pa rtners directly or they interact with multiple companies through a central information clearing-house.In the latter case, all transactions are funneled through a third party's computer system, which routes them to the appropriate receiver's computer. This enables the sender to communicate with an unlimited number of trading partners without worrying about proprietary systems, audit trails, variable transmission speeds, and general computer compatibility. Basically, here is how EDI works: 1. Prior to any computer work, representatives of two companies interested in exchanging data electronically meet to specify the applications in the EDI standard, which they will implement. 2.Each company adds EDI programs to its computer to translate company data in standard formats for transmission, and for the reverse translation on the data it receives. 3. Then, as often as operationally requires the two companies exchange data electronically in the standard formats. The data transmitted origina tes from records in the sender's database after the sender confirms that the receiver is an authorized recipient for such data. The sender composes a transmission formatted in the EDI standards, the receiver translates the formatted message to a computer record to be processed and used internally.All transmissions are checked both electronically and functionally and the protocol includes procedures for error detection and correction. INFORMATION FLOW IN EDI: 1. A Company collects data for its own operational or statistical requirements. This data is edited and added to its own database. 2. Pertinent information is extracted by the company from its database, summarized if necessary, constructed into EDI transaction sets, and transmitted to the company or organization requiring it for valid reasons. 3. The frequency for preparing this information is determined by the operational requirements of each recipient. . A communications link for transmission is established according to the st andard communications protocol. 5. The recipient of the information receives the transmission and checks it for its physical characteristics (parity, check character, transmission mode). Retransmission is requested if an error is detected in the physical characteristics of the transmission. 6. The receiver checks the functional characteristics of the data. A message is transmitted to the original sender to acknowledge the transmission and to identify any errors detected. . The receiver processes the information received according to its own internal procedures and timing requirements. EDI COMPONENTS A typical EDI system implements a specific set of EDI by enabling the exchange of business documents. It accepts documents from business software applications, converts the document to a standard format and sends it to another software application or trading partner. EDI system converts generic EDI messages (in EDIFACT or any other EDI standard) format to RDBMS format and from RDBMS form at to EDI format.There are EDI application programs for software developers to configure EDI to work with the various user application software programs. There is normally no end-user interaction with EDI–it is entirely within the background of the EDI system. RDBMS database contains the data to be translated into EDI format and where EDI data is to be converted (and written) to. EDI treats the application database generically–it reads and writes to the tables and fields specified according to the message mapping created by the |EDI Administrator during EDI message configuration.These are done by EDI Configuration programs under the purview of EDI. There are three main components in an EDI system: 1. Application Service- Providers the means of integrating existing or new applications into the EDI system. 2. Translation Service-Converts data from internal format standards to an external format and translates data from an external format to an internal format standard. 3 . Communication Service-Passes documents into a network via the agreed communication protocol.Internal format Transmission Tranmission TRADING files files files PARTNER DocumentsApplicationTranmission Communication BusinessService Service Service Application FILE TYPES EDI creates the following files as a document passes through the system: ? Internal Format File (IFF) ? External Format File (EFF) ? Transmission File Each of these files is described in the following sections.Internal Format File: An internal format file (IFF) contains a single document for a single trading partner. Internal format file is principally for EDI's own use. External Format File: The external format file (EFF) contains the same data as the internal format file translated into the appropriate standard document format. Transmission File: A transmission file contains one or more documents for the same trading partner. Documents of the same type are packaged together in functional groups. The functional group s going to one trading partner are packaged into an interchange set.An interchange set contains one or more functional groups of documents with the same sender and receiver. TRADING PARTNER A Document Type 1 1FunctionalGroupInterchange 1 Set Document Type 2 2Functonal 2 Group TRANSMISSION FILE EDI SERVICES The three EDI services all perform different tasks. The following sections give an overview of what happens in each of three services. Application Service: The Application Service provides the link between a business application and EDI. It allows you to send document to, and receive documents from, an EDI system.A set of callable routines is used to transfer documents from the business application into EDI. Documents destinations can be either intra-company or to external companies, i. e. , trading partners. The EDI Application Service holds each incoming and outgoing document as a single internal format file. EDI converts the document to a standard format and sends it to the tra ding partner using the relevant communication protocol. A number of different standards and communication protocols are available. The following list describe what happens in the Application Service: For outgoing documents: The business application uses the callable routines to send a document from the business application to the Application Service. The document is now in the EDI system and is called internal format file. ? The Application Service sends the document in the internal format file to the Translation Service. For incoming documents: ? The Application Service receives an internal format file from the Translation Service. ? The Application Service makes the data in the internal format file available in database so that the business application can fetch the document from EDI.A callable interface is used to do this. APPLICATION SERVICE File server Internal Formal File Callable RoutinesInternalFormat File Translation Service: ? Converts outgoing documents from an internal f ormat file to an agreed external format. ? Translates incoming documents from an external format to th EDI internal format file. The external document standards that a EDI system supports are EDIFACT, X12, TDCC, and ODETTE The following lists describe what happens in the Translation Service: For outgoing documents: The Translation Service receives a document in the internal format file from the Application Service. It converts the internal format file to the appropriate external standard (either EDIFACT, X12, TDCC, or ODETTE). The file is now an external format file. ? The Translation Service combines one or more external format files into a transmission file. ? The Translation Service now sends the transmission file to the Communication Service. For incoming documents: ? The Translation Service receives a document n the transmission file from the Communication Service. ? Separates the transmission file to produce external format files. It translates each external format file, which may be in an external standard (either EDIFACT, X12, TDCC, or ODETTE) to the internal format file. The file is now an internal format file. ? The translation Service now sends the internal format file to the Application Service. Communication Service: The Communication Services sends and receives transmission files to and from the trading partners either directly or by using a third-party service called a Value Added Network (VAN). The following lists describe what happens in the Communication Service: For outgoing documents: The Communication Service receives a transmission file from the Translation Service. It checks the file to see which trading partner it has to be sent to. When it has identified the type of connection to be used for this trading partner t determines which gateway to use. ? The Communication Service sends the transmission file to the trading partner. For incoming documents: ? The Communication Service receives a transmission file from the trading partner. The f ile arrives through one of the gateways that EDI supports. ? The Communication Service sends the transmission file to the Translation Service.INTERNAL FORMAT FILE DOCUMENTS BUSINESS APPLICATIONS DOCUMENTS INTERNAL FORMAT FILEAPPLICATION SERVICETranslation Service: ? Converts outgoing documents from an internal format file to an agreed external format. ? Translates incoming documents from an external format to the EDI internal format file. INTERNALTRANSMISSION FORMAT FILE FILE INTERNAL TRANSMISSION FORMAT FILE FILEC = CONVERTER. T =TRANSLATOR. TFB =TRANSMISSION FILE BUILDER. TFS =TRANSMISSION FILE SPLITTER. CONCLUSION: By eliminating the paperbased documents the EDI was introduced. It is the new technology that overcomes the traditional paperbased documents. By using EDI we can transmit the data at electron speed. So it is a time sparing process and also low cost as compared with telephone system. Even though there are more advantages with EDI there are some disadvantages also. To f eed the data into computer, work is compulsory. By comparing with computer speed human speed is a bottleneck.And also errors may occur at the time of data feeding. These errors can change the managerial decisions. Another problem if we want send more data urgently, first we feed it into computer and then send it to the destination. To feed more data requires more time. Even though the telephone cost is very high as compared to EDI process, we must use telephone facility in these cases. So in these cased we can't use EDI system. ———————– FILE SERVER CALLABLE ROUTINES MANAGEMENT INTERFACE FILE SERVER C TFB T TFS MANAGEMENT INTERFACE

Kosmoceratops - Facts and Figures

Kosmoceratops - Facts and Figures Name: Kosmoceratops (Greek for ornate horned face); pronounced KOZZ-moe-SEH-rah-tops Habitat: Plains and woodlands of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-65 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 15 feet long and 1-2 tons Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Quadrupedal posture; ornate skull with numerous horns and downward-curving frill About Kosmoceratops For years, Styracosaurus held the title as the worlds most ornately decorated ceratopsian dinosauruntil the recent discovery of Kosmoceratops (Greek for ornate horned face) in southern Utah. Kosmoceratops sported so many evolutionary bells and whistles on its massive skull that its a wonder it didnt topple over when it walked: this elephant-sized herbivores head was decorated with no less than 15 horns and horn-like structures of various sizes, including a pair of large horns above its eyes vaguely resembling those of a bull, as well as a downward-curving, bizarrely segmented frill completely unlike anything seen in any previous ceratopsian. As is the case with another recently discovered horned frilled dinosaur, Utahceratops, the strange appearance of Kosmoceratops can at least partially be explained by its unique habitat. This dinosaur lived on a large island in western North America, called Laramidia, that was demarcated and bordered by the shallow Western Interior Sea, which covered much of the continents interior during the late Cretaceous period. Relatively isolated from the mainstream of dinosaur evolution, Kosmoceratops, like the other fauna of Laramidia, was free to progress in its bizarre direction. The question remains, though: why did Kosmoceratops evolve such a unique combination of frill and horns? Usually, the main driver of such an evolutionary process is sexual selectionover the course of millions of years, female Kosmoceratops came to favor multiple horns and funky frills during mating season, creating an arms race among males to outdo one another. But these features may also have evolved as a way to differentiate Kosmoceratops from other ceratopsian species (it wouldnt do for a juvenile Kosmoceratops to accidentally join a herd of Chasmosaurus), or even for purposes of communication (say, a Kosmoceratos alpha turning its frill pink to signal danger).

Free Essays on Ways To Save At The Supermarket

Ways to Save at the Supermarket Do you have a budget? Do you shop for bargains? What do you bring with you to the supermarket? How do you save if you only bring green dollars to the store? You should always bring something to the store that can get you a discount. There are many ways to save at the supermarket, but the most common ways are bonus cards, coupons, and holiday sales. First of all, shopping at stores that issue customers bonus cards is a great way to save money. Every supermarket, just about, gives bonus cards. Wal-Mart, Sam’s, Albertson’s, and Winn-Dixie are just a few supermarkets that give customers a chance to enjoy their products through their discount cards. There is no need to give away personal information in exchange for any of the bonus cards. At Winn-Dixie, there are always sales on the meat product such as the 10lbs bags of chicken would be 3 for $10 when you use you Winn-Dixie discount card. At should be a total enjoyment to shop with bonus cards and save compared to the people who don’t have cards and walk out of the store broke. Each time that bonus cards are used, it shows that company that people were interested in the product. Bonus cards are a good way to see how much money can be saved. Coupons can really be a big money saver, if you use them before they expire. Coupons are sent to ever resident every week for just about everything. People may not realize this but groceries are expensive. Groceries are right up there with the highest monthly bills. Most people spend more on food then they do on their car, clothes, or any other family or household expense making groceries the second highest monthly expense. We see coupons in the Sunday newspapers, magazines, offers on TV, flyers, circulars, even coupons that can be printed off of the computer. There are also dispensers in the isles of the grocery stores filled with money saving offers. Lots of many can be saved if customers would take advanta... Free Essays on Ways To Save At The Supermarket Free Essays on Ways To Save At The Supermarket Ways to Save at the Supermarket Do you have a budget? Do you shop for bargains? What do you bring with you to the supermarket? How do you save if you only bring green dollars to the store? You should always bring something to the store that can get you a discount. There are many ways to save at the supermarket, but the most common ways are bonus cards, coupons, and holiday sales. First of all, shopping at stores that issue customers bonus cards is a great way to save money. Every supermarket, just about, gives bonus cards. Wal-Mart, Sam’s, Albertson’s, and Winn-Dixie are just a few supermarkets that give customers a chance to enjoy their products through their discount cards. There is no need to give away personal information in exchange for any of the bonus cards. At Winn-Dixie, there are always sales on the meat product such as the 10lbs bags of chicken would be 3 for $10 when you use you Winn-Dixie discount card. At should be a total enjoyment to shop with bonus cards and save compared to the people who don’t have cards and walk out of the store broke. Each time that bonus cards are used, it shows that company that people were interested in the product. Bonus cards are a good way to see how much money can be saved. Coupons can really be a big money saver, if you use them before they expire. Coupons are sent to ever resident every week for just about everything. People may not realize this but groceries are expensive. Groceries are right up there with the highest monthly bills. Most people spend more on food then they do on their car, clothes, or any other family or household expense making groceries the second highest monthly expense. We see coupons in the Sunday newspapers, magazines, offers on TV, flyers, circulars, even coupons that can be printed off of the computer. There are also dispensers in the isles of the grocery stores filled with money saving offers. Lots of many can be saved if customers would take advanta...

Informative presentation, persuasive PowerPoint Presentation

Informative , persuasive - PowerPoint Presentation Example Training is a sort of meeting that draws individuals with the same agenda or line of work together giving them an opportunity to mingle and share their experiences as well as their thought of how to tackle the challenges. Training is an integral part for a company seeking to climb the ladder and be successful in their area of business. It holds the key to unlocking unrealized talents and untapped skills while at the same time improving the environmental conditions for the business as effects of training come into effect. While we do conquer that training is essential, it is important to outline some of the reasons why companies and businesses insist on training its people. First off, it helps employees to understand the job market as it is in its present state, to move along with the trends in the market and this helps the business appeal to new share holders and financiers, to be a force to recon with for potential employees and for employees to learn how to conduct themselves while on official duty. Communication cuts deep within the organization and not just the ordinary exchange of pleasantries and this is also taught while in training. Training programs also focus on getting the best all round employees and imparting a different skill set so that they can handle duties assigned to them in future which they may have not necessarily been prepared for while at the university/college. Training programs follow a strict schedule and timeline. It has to be planned for in advance and communicated to the people set to undergo it. Other things that need to be done include pairing up experts with trainees where they learn through apprenticeship. This means that the expert will work on a project while the trainee takes notes and this goes on for about a week before they are given the go ahead to attempt and do what they have been witnessing. This, however, lies with the complexity of the field of operation in

The future of the Health Information Profession Research Paper

The future of the Health Information Profession - Research Paper Example mands in that field have been on the increase and the lowest qualifications being required by most health care organizations is a Master’s degree due to the advancement of the technology as well as changes in the relevance of the field and the increase demand for such professionals (Green and Bowie, 2010). Due to the high demand and the low supply, the Health Information Managers salaries have increased with more than $25,000 per annum with the lowest paid Health Information Managers who is also a Bachelor’s degree holder is $75,000 and this is still on the increase as long as the demand still remains high. The remunerations increase with the increase in educational level and job experience. The job roles and duties of the Health Information Managers have also been changing. Previously, their work majorly involved data entry in the hospitals but with time and currently, their duties has increased and become more complicated to include duties such as managing the patients’ records, administration of computer information systems and coding procedures to all the health care service providers’ not necessarily just hospitals as before. They are also required to link data and information on health data electronically to the department of health and hospitals for more efficient and effective health care service delivery (Zeng, Reynolds and Sharp, 2009). As mentioned above, Health Information Management is a very fast growing and most in demand career field due to its integration with technology. According to the Chicago Tribune, there are several more advanced and higher paying job opportunities lined up for now and in future for the Health Information Managers (Lee, 2013). These prospective future careers include home health care services, nursing care facilities, the outpatient care centres (McWay, 2013). There are also jobs as compliance risk managers in other health care organizations and whose role is meant to alleviate the health care conditions for the

Art and Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art and Knowledge - Essay Example This positive tradition which follows the western philosophical thoughts loves to believe that art is largely emotive rather than informative. To illustrate, according to people like Ayer (1952, p.54), the sources of empirical knowledge should be synthetic propositions the truth value of which can be determined. In addition, logical relationships should be derived from analytic propositions which are open to manipulation (ibid). Does art provide knowledge? The historical discussion Admittedly, this traditional belief that art has nothing to do with epistemology arose from the fact that arts are mainly aimed at arousing emotion. In fact, people seek out arts mainly to get oneself lost into the imaginary world created by the arts. Thus, one can easily point out that arts are primarily meant to reach a natural high which is often the result of ones sensory responses. Thus, traditionally, arts and sensory experiences were interlinked and inseparable. Thus, Plato (1992, p. 113) argued tha t the sensory side of human experience is primary in the arts. According to Stolnitz (1992, p. 191), the argument is that senses are a hindrance to the achievement of the high state in which reality can be understood. In fact, the weights and chains of the prisoners incarcerated in Plato’s caves were really surrogates or proxies for the distractions that our senses imposed upon whatever our rational mind could possibly muster. Thus, one can see that the stimulation of senses, which takes place through arts, is rather misleading. As John (2001, p.330) reflects, instead of making one reach critical thinking and rationality, arts lead one away from truth which can only be derived through critical rationality. And as time passed, there arose two extremes in the cognitive triviality of arts (ibid). The opinion of Plato was contradicted by Aristotle (2008, p. 45) in Poetics through the argument that poetry is capable of conveying the knowledge of universals to people. Thus, there a rise two classes of thought; one that believes in the aesthetic value of art, and one that believes in the cognitive value of art. Admittedly, it is possible to develop a third class of thought; that is, aesthetic cognitivism. This class of thought claims that art can give knowledge, and also that this knowledge can enhance the aesthetic value of art. According to cognitivists, it is possible for art to impart knowledge. In order to substantiate their claim, cognitivists rely on philosophical knowledge as derived from various works of literature. The gist of their argument is that though moral philosophy manages to provide an outline of what is good; works of literature are useful and at times necessary to understand the application of the same in various situations. As McKeon (2001, p.241) comments, Aristotle comes up with three types of knowledge; theoretical, practical, and productive. The theoretical knowledge refers to the knowledge about things that are fundamental in nature ( ibid). An example of this knowledge is the products and processes of nature. Practical knowledge refers to the knowledge that teaches what to do to address certain contingencies. Thirdly, productive knowledge teaches one how to make new things. Admittedly, the question arises as to how art can introduce productive knowledge. Thus, one gains the insight that the meaning of the word ‘knowledge’ itself is likely to change according to the nature of the problem one pursues (ibid). Based on the traditional view of scientific knowledge, knowledge is supposed to come along with evidence regarding the truth. In other words, knowledge is the ability to provide warranted assertions. In other words, the term ‘

The Tragedy Of Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The Tragedy Of Macbeth Essay According to Aristotles definition Shakespeares work of Macbeth is classed as a tragedy. In order for a piece of work to be called a tragedy it must follow nine rules and one of which is the rule I will be focusing on today. This rule is The tragic hero effectively evokes both pity and fear. In this essay I will be answering the question to what extent does Shakespeare create pity for Macbeth? The first point in the play Shakespeare creates pity for Macbeth is in Act 1 Scene 7, where in this scene Macbeth presents his first soliloquy to the audience, and it is this soliloquy, which creates pity for Macbeth. Throughout the soliloquy Macbeth mentions two separate things regarding the killing of Duncan, at one point he says Against the deep damnation of his taking off. The phrase taking off refers to the killing of the king, another example is upon the sightless couriers of the air, shall blow the horrid deed in every eye. When Macbeth refers to the deed and the blow he is talking about the killing of Duncan. Macbeth is using euphemisms when referring to the killing of Duncan because he is lying to himself, He is trying to get the killing of Duncan out of his mind so he can continue with his life, he continues and says I have no spur to prick the side of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which oer-leaps itself and falls on the other side. This quotation means that Macbeths only motive in this attack and murder was ambition. This also tells us that Macbeth was pushed into the deed that he committed. Later in this scene we see that Macbeth was indeed persuaded by Lady Macbeth to do the act, in line 50 Lady Macbeth says When you durst do it, then you were a man; in this quotation she is questioning his manhood, she is saying that Macbeth is not a man but if he kills Duncan then he is a man. The evidence shown strongly suggests that Act 1 Scene 7 does create pity for Macbeth. The next part of the play, which is significant in creating pity for Macbeth, is Act 2 Scene 1 which includes Macbeths second soliloquy Is this a dagger I see before me, the handle towards my hand? Come let me clutch thee: Macbeth, in this quotation, is hallucinating; he is seeing a dagger in front of him. It is like he has foreseen the future and that it is almost inviting him to murder Duncan. I have thee not yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible to feeling as to sight? Or art thou but a dagger of the mind, a false creation? He is questioning the dagger, he can see it but he cannot feel it so he believes it is just a figment of his imagination. Then he says Proceeding from a heat oppressed brain? I see thee yet, in a form as palpable. He is saying he is ill and blaming the fact that he has a temperature, heat oppressed brain and that is why he is seeing those images. As the soliloquy is about to finish Macbeth hears a bell ring I go and it is done, the bell invites me, hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell, that summons thee to heaven, or to hell, He thinks that the ringing of the bell is a sign for him to kill Duncan and then goes. It is felt from this scene that pity has been created because it is showing that Macbeth is unstable and his mind is not at its sharpest and at its best. As the play continues there is meant to be more pity created for Macbeth in Act 3 Scene 1 where Macbeth has his third soliloquy through lines 50 61. Macbeth compares himself to Banquo, He sees Banquo as valiant and royal but sees himself as evil and harsh. It is rather obvious in these two lines that Shakespeare is trying to create sympathy and pity for Macbeth. In lines 61 65 Macbeth describes the crown and the sceptre (him being king) as fruitless and Barren, He describes the monarchy as fruitless because when he dies he will have no sons or daughters to pass the crown down on to, he is also referring to this when he says Thence to be wrenchd with an unlineal hand. Which means that a non-member of his family will take the crown from him. Later on in the scene through lines 65 73 he calls upon both fate and darkness as his allies to help him in his evil ways. This implies Macbeth is unstable and desperate as he needs help from two different things, it also implies he needs help t o cope with his life. Once again pity is created for Macbeth but he manages to destroy the sympathy and pity as he orders the slaughtering of Banquo but Banquos ally Fleance escapes. Act 3 Scene 4 is one of the most significant and meaningful scenes in the entire play and is the Banqueting scene. In this scene Macbeth is staging a banquet at his home and everyone in Scottish importance is in attendance, between lines 35 and 40 the ghost of Banquo enters the room and sits in the throne. Macbeth is the only one in the room that can see the ghost and begins to become emotionally upset which in turn makes the audience feel sorry for him. He begins to act strangely and guests begin to get suspicious, Lady Macbeth then says sit, worthy friends: my lord is often thus: this is clearly an excuse to stop guests getting suspicious, but there is a sense of irony in this as no-one would like a king ruling there country who is mentally unstable, and with that Macbeth has generated more sympathy for himself. Lady Macbeth then takes her husband aside and says Why do you make such faces? When alls done, you look but on a stool This clearly shows that in this stage of the Play Lady Macbeth is the one who is in charge and the one who has a clear head. There is another instance in Scene 4 where Shakespeare creates pity for Macbeth, it is shortly after the murder of Banquo one of the murderers comes in to tell Macbeth that Fleance has escaped death, Macbeth then comes out and says Then comes my fit again: I had else been perfect; whole as a marble, founded as a rock, as broad and general as the casing air: but now I am cabbind, cribbd, cofind, bound into saucy doubts and fears. but Banquos safe? In this quote Macbeth is clearly panicking, his plans were perfect but have now been ruined. The reference to marble only develops the idea of his perfect plans, as we see marble as a perfect and solid stone. This scene clearly evokes a lot of pity for Macbeth as the audience begins to see that Macbeth s perfect plan is falling apart. Shakespeare is using similes in the lines Macbeth is speaking just to emphasise the importance and the significance of the quotation In Act 4 Scene 1 there are three ghostly figures which appear to give Macbeth some words of advice, the first apparition tells Macbeth Beware Macduff, the second Be bloody, bold and resolute the third Macbeth shall never be vanquishd till Birnam wood comes to Dunsinane In reply to the three apparitions advice Macbeth says Macduff, what do I fear thee, Ill make assurance doubly sure This reply from Macbeth means that he will do anything to aid him to prevent Macduff from doing what he will, later on in the scene Macbeth says, The castle of Macduff I will surprise; soon upon Fife; give to edge of the sword his wife, his babes, and all unfortunate that should trace him in his line After Macbeth has made this statement all pity felt for him by the audience disappears as there is no need to bludgeon Macduffs family. In Act 5 the undoing of Macbeth is shown. In scene 1 there is a conversation between the gentlewoman and the doctor concerning Lady Macbeths well being, soon after, she enters and the audience see how ill she is. She relives the night of Duncans murder all over again and is trying to wash the blood off of her hands, there is really no blood on her hands but she is in an ill state of mind and therefore does not know, she continues to clean the blood off of her hands, but says that it wont come off and that she can still smell it, later in Act 5 Scene 5, Lady Macbeth dies in a state of mental pain and anguish, at this moment the most pity is evoked for Macbeth. This is one of the saddest moments in the play and Macbeth makes it worse by saying Out, out brief candle! Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player that sweats and frets his hour upon stage, and then is heard no more. Macbeth is basically saying in this quote that life is pointless and that every species on the planet is one big actor and the world is just one big stage and that life is just one big play. Afterwards in Scene 6 a message is sent to Macbeth from a lookout that Birnam wood is coming to Dunsinane. Macbeth is shocked as he hears it and goes into a state of denial and calls the messenger a liar and warns him that he should tell the truth. Macbeth goes up to see for himself and sees what he wouldnt of believed; he immediately calls for his armour, his shield and his sword. Macduff soon arrives and he and Macbeth have a sword fight, Macduff, still with the anger of his familys slaughtering inside him, draws his sword and decapitates Macbeth. Macduff takes over as the King of Scotland and the play finishes. In conclusion it is without a doubt that Macbeth is a tragedy, and through its 5 acts and 26 scenes it evokes pity on separate occasions. The question was To what extent does Shakespeare create pity for Macbeth. Pity is created almost to the extent that the audience forgives Macbeth for his terrible actions but not entirely. If you take into account all the evidence gathered and make a conclusion you will see that the audience never did and never were supposed to forgive Macbeth.